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BY 

IDA  SHAW  MARTIN 

A.  B. 


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OF  THE 


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THIRD      EDITION 


1909 


i 


ENEfiAi 


Copyrighted  1905,  1907  and  1909 
By   IDA   SHAW   MARTIN 


&be  laocburgb  prctftf 


preface  to  tyt  'Cijtrti  Ctottton. 

Not  counting  the  Supplement  published  in  October,  1908, 
the  present  edition  is  the  third  within  two  years  and  a  half. 
It  is  brought  out  in  response  to  the  insistent  demand  of  sorority 
leaders  and  members  generally,  who  have  found  the  book  in- 
dispensable in  their  study  of  the  fraternity  system. 

The  plate  of  fraternity  badges  remains  the  same  as  in  the 
second  edition,  but  the  frontispiece  is  new.  A  somewhat 
different  arrangement  has  been  employed  from  that  used  in 
former  sorority  plates.  The  first  fourteen  pins  belong  to  so- 
rorities in  the  National  Pan-Hellenic  Conference,  and  with  one 
exception,  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  are  placed  according  to  the  official 
list.  This  badge  should  be  in  the  ninth  place,  but  its  location 
there  would  have  destroyed  the  harmony  of  the  plate,  so  the 
author  took  the  liberty  to  make  the  change.  The  next  seven 
badges  belong  to  the  other  sororities  listed  in  Class  A.  They 
are  placed  chronologically.  The  last  three  belong  to  Class  B 
sororities. 

The  illustrations  are  "life  size"  and  were  made  from  badges 
furnished  by  the  official  jewelers.  Special  acknowledgment  is 
due  the  D.  L.  Auld  Company,  the  Bunde  and  Upmeyer  Com- 
pany, Burr,  Patterson  &  Company,  A.  H.  Fetting,  J.  F.  Newman, 
Frederick  T.  Widmer,  The  Wilbur,  Lanphear  Company,  and 

190809 


Wright,  Kay  &  Company,  who  have  spared  no  efforts  to  make 
the  plate  a  success. 

So  many  requests  have  come  from  small  sororities  for 
representation  that  it  may  be  well  to  state  the  limitations  that 
have  been  made.  Class  A  includes  those  that  have  one  or  more 
chapters  in  institutions  that  are  listed  as  A  colleges,  or  as  co- 
educational colleges,  by  the  Commissioner  of  Education.  Class 
B  includes  only  such  of  the  smaller  societies  as  are  rivals  of  one 
or  more  of  the  Class  A  sororities.  Two  sororities  listed  in  the 
second  edition  are  missing  from  the  present  issue.  Delta  Sigma 
was  absorbed  by  Alpha  Omicron  Pi  and  Gamma  Beta  Sigma 
by  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha.  A  fourth  sorority  should  be  listed 
under  medical  societies,  but  the  data  came  too  late.  This  is 
Nu  Sigma  Phi,  founded  March  15,  1898,  with  chapters  located 
at  Chicago,  Illinois  and  Indiana. 

The  alphabetical  arrangement  of  chapter  rolls  is  the  same 
as  in  the  second  edition,  but  a  new  feature  has  been  introduced 
in  the  use  of  italics  to  designate  the  colleges  where  each  sorority 
was  founded.  When  not  indicated  in  the  roll  the  mother  chap- 
ter will  be  found  under  the  head  of  Necrology. 

Ida  Shaw  Martin. 
(Mrs.  Wm.  Holmes  Martin.) 

September  15,  1909. 


CHAPTER  I. 

The  Higher  Education  of  Women. 

To  the  popular  mind  the  higher  education  of  women 
is  synonymous  with  a  college  education.  Strictly  speaking 
the  term  covers  a  wider  field  and  includes  professional  as  well 
as  collegiate  training.  The  college  girl  is  probably  quite 
familiar  with  the  four  types  of  institutions  at  which  the  alumnae 
of  secondary  schools  may  continue  their  education,  viz.,  the 
coeducational  college,  the  independent  college,  the  affiliated 
college  and  the  coordinate  college. 

Coeducation  is  the  popular  and  prevailing  system  of  college 
education  in  the  United  States.  About  seventy  per  cent  of 
the  five  hundred  colleges  in  the  country  are  coeducational, 
while  there  are  only  fourteen  independent  colleges  of  the  first 
rank,  six  affiliated  colleges  and  about  the  same  number  of 
coordinate  colleges.  To  understand  the  reasons  for  this 
characteristic  feature  as  a  well-defined  policy  in  our  system 
of  education,  we  must  turn  back  the  pages  of  our  country's 
history. 

The  close  of  the  revolution  found  the  American  States 
independent,  but  not  united.  The  country  was  without 
a  head  and  Congress  without  power.  There  was  distress 
and  discontent  on  all  sides,  for  business  was  at  a  standstill 
and  the  country  was  in  danger  of  dropping  to  pieces.  A 
fortunate  circumstance  at  this  critical  period  was  the  com- 


•  •  • . 


2  The  Higher  Education. 

mon  interest  that  seven  of  the  thirteen  states  had  in  the  Great 
Northwest  Territory.  The  people  were  buoyed  up  by  the 
hope  that  these  states  would  release  their  claims  and  by  trans- 
ferring their  interests  to  the  national  government  would 
furnish  Congress  with  the  means  to  pay  off  the  war  debt. 
This  generosity  was  of  far-reaching  significance  in  its  influence 
upon  education  in  the  Western  States.  The  thirteen  original 
colonies  had  copied  closely  the  educational  systems  of  the 
Old  World,  particularly  those  of  England.  The  great  North- 
west Territory  was  sparsely  settled  and  education  was  at  best 
embryonic.  An  ordinance  passed  in  1787  by  the  Continental 
Congress  provided  for  the  government  of  this  vast  section  and 
specified  that  there  should  be  a  reservation  in  every  township 
for  the  maintenance  of  public  schools.  This  was  later  inter- 
preted as  providing  also  for  the  reservation  of  lands  for  uni- 
versity endowment.  In  this  way  the  future  of  the  state 
university  was  assured.  At  the  time  this  ordinance  was  passed, 
however,  there  was  no  thought  in  the  minds  of  the  legislators 
that  a  strong  impulse  was  given  to  the  higher  education  of 
women.  The  daughters  of  colonial  homes  were  busy  with 
baking  and  brewing,  with  spinning  and  weaving,  with  the 
manifold  household  duties  for  which  no  labor-saving  devices 
had  yet  been  invented.  Even  the  daughters  of  the  well-to-do 
had  little  time  or  interest  for  any  education  save  such  superficial 
knowledge  as  might  be  acquired  at  the  fashionable  finishing 
school. 

|The  half  century  following  the  Revolution  was  noteworthy 
for  the  establishment  of  district  schools  and  academies,  and 
for  the  awakening  of  new  ideas  concerning  the  education  of 


The  Higher  Education.  3 

girls.  The  year  1830,  when  the  first  locomotive  was  built, 
is  an  epoch-marking  date  in  the  history  of  the  United  States 
and  no  less  so  in  the  history  of  the  higher  education  for  women. 
The  building  of  railroads  and  the  consequent  growth  of  cities 
was  followed  by  a  great  revival  in  educational  interests,  re- 
sulting in  state  supervision  and  the  opening  of  high  and  normal 
schools  for  girls.  The  years  immediately  following  witnessed 
the  transfer  of  many  industries  from  the  home  to  the  factory 
and  deprived  women  of  their  usual  occupations,  leaving  them  a 
large  measure  of  leisure. 

It  is  not  to  conservative  New  England,  so  lavish  with 
her  gifts  to  her  sons,  but  to  pioneer  Ohio  that  we  must  look 
for  the  beginning  of  college  education  for  women.  Oberlin 
College,  opened  in  1833  as  the  Oberlin  Collegiate  Institute, 
but  not  chartered  as  a  college  until  1850,  was  the  first  institu- 
tion to  offer  advanced  courses  to  women  as  well  as  men.  In 
1836  Mary  Lyon  secured  a  charter  from  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature  for  Mount  Holyoke  Seminary,  which  though  it  did 
not  pretend  to  offer  collegiate  courses  yet  stood  firm  for  serious 
work  and  high  standards.  Wesley  an  College,  incorporated 
by  the  Legislature  of  Georgia  and  opened  in  1839,  was  the  first 
woman's  college  to  receive  a  charter  from  any  state,  and  was 
one  of  a  number  of  schools  opened  about  this  same  time  in  the 
South  for  the  higher  education  of  women.  Galesburg,  111.,  is 
worthy  of  mention  as  having  had  enterprise  enough  to  support 
two  colleges,  Knox  and  Lombard,  both  of  which  admitted 
women  practically  from  the  beginning,  the  former  in  1845, 
the  latter  in  1851.  In  1853  Antioch  College  in  Ohio  was  opened 
under  the  presidency  of  Horace  Mann  and  admitted  men  and 


4  The  Higher  Education. 

women  on  equal  terms.  Elmira  College,  established  in  1855 
by  the  Presbyterian  Synod,  was  the  first  woman's  college  in 
the  north  to  receive  a  charter.  The  state  universities  of 
Utah  and  Iowa,  opened  respectively  in  1850  and  1856,  admitted 
women  from  the  first.  A  few  institutions  under  religious  con- 
trol in  the  Middle  West,  bearing  the  name  of  college,  but  doing 
work  little  higher  than  the  first  class  secondary  schools  of  the 
present  time,  were  induced  to  admit  women  as  the  result  of 
these  experiments.  Except,  however,  in  the  districts,  where 
the  influence  of  these  pioneer  schools  was  felt,  little  marked 
progress  was  made.  Women  were  still  the  slaves  of  tradition. 
Strangely  enough  it  is  to  the  Civil  War  that  we  must  look 
for  the  complete  emancipation  of  women  educationally.  The 
continuous  fighting  during  the  four  years  of  the  war  and  the 
consequent  drafts  upon  the  Northern  states  for  soldiers  drained 
this  section  of  its  men  and  led  to  the  employment  of  women  as 
teachers  in  the  secondary  schools.  This  arrangement,  at  first 
considered  only  temporary,  proved  to  be  permanent,  and 
thinking  men  soon  realized  that  the  much  debated  question  of 
higher  education  for  women  had  become  a  matter  of  expediency. 
In  this  time  of  immediate  need  what  was  more  natural  than 
that  the  people  should  demand  that  existing  colleges  hitherto 
sacred  to  men  should  open  their  doors  to  women?  The 
well-endowed  universities  made  a  strong  stand  against  what 
they  considered  an  intrusion.  They  claimed  that  they  did 
this  from  a  sense  of  duty  to  the  past,  to  the  founders  and 
givers  of  endowments.  The  state  universities,  however, 
could  make  no  such  plea.  Their  endowments  came  from  state 
or  federal  government  without  restriction  as  to  sex,  and  the 


The  Higher  Education.  5 

people  failed  to  see  the  need  of  establishing  separate  colleges 
for  women  when  the  state  universities  were  already  in  existence. 
Before  long  their  doors,  willingly  or  unwillingly,  swung  open  to 
maid  as  well  as  man, — Kansas  and  Minnesota  in  1866,  Indiana 
in  1868,  Missouri,  Michigan,  Illinois  and  California  in  1870, 
Nebraska  in  1871,  Ohio  in  1873,  Wisconsin  in  1874.  The 
opening  of  the  University  of  Michigan  to  women  was  in  direct 
opposition  to  the  wishes  of  the  faculty  upon  demand  from  the 
state  legislature  and  is  interesting  as  showing  the  sentiment  of 
the  people.  All  state  universities  organized  since  1871  have 
admitted  women  from  the  first. 

Conditions  in  the  states  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  were 
very  different.  There  were  no  state  universities  and  the 
famous  colleges  already  established  refused  to  admit  women. 
Certain  concessions  to  be  sure  have  been  made  after  prolonged 
agitation,  as  in  the  case  of  Radcliffe,  opened  as  Harvard  Annex 
in  1879,  incorporated  as  a  college  for  women  in  1894  and  grant- 
ing its  own  degrees,  where  the  instruction  is  given  by  members 
of  the  Harvard  faculty  and  the  diplomas  countersigned  by  the 
President  of  Harvard  University  as  a  guarantee  that  the  degrees 
are  equivalent  to  the  corresponding  degrees  given  by  the 
university;  again  in  the  case  of  Barnard,  opened  in  1889  and 
incorporated  in  1900  as  an  undergraduate  woman's  college  of 
Columbia  University,  where  the  instruction  is  given  entirely 
by  professors  appointed  by  Columbia  University  trustees 
and  assigned  to  service  in  Barnard,  where  the  A.  B.  degree 
is  granted  by  the  university  and  women  who  have  taken  their 
first  degree  are  admitted  to  the  university  on  the  same  terms  as 
men,  and  lastly,  in  the  case  of  the  Woman's  College  of  Brown 


6  The  Higher  Education. 

University,  established  as  a  regular  department  in  1897,  though 
women  were  admitted  informally  as  early  as  1892.  These 
concessions  grudgingly  given  turned  many  promising  young 
women,  who  resented  this  attitude  of  what  they  considered 
selfish  monopoly,  to  the  independent  colleges  for  women  and 
resulted  in  the  marked  and  vigorous  growth  of  these  institu- 
tions in  the  East.  Of  these  there  are  ten,  Elmira,  Vassar,  Wells, 
Wellesley,  and  Smith,  chartered  within  the  third  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  the  last  four  within  a  period  of  ten  years, 
and  Bryn  Mawr,  Mount  Holyoke,  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore, 
Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College  and  Trinity,  established 
within  the  last  twenty  years.  Rockford  College  in  Illinois, 
opened  as  a  seminary  in  1849,  chartered  as  a  college  in  1892, 
and  still  retaining  a  preparatory  department,  and  Mills  College 
in  California,  opened  as  a  seminary  in  1871,  chartered  as  a 
college  in  1885,  and  still  countenancing  a  seminary,  are  ex- 
amples of  the  only  independent  colleges  for  women  in  the  vast 
section  devoted  to  coeducation  and  by  their  smallness  bear 
eloquent  testimony  to  the  popular  demand  for  coeducation. 

Newcomb  College  at  New  Orleans,  opened  in  1886  and 
affiliated  with  Tulane  University,  but  entirely  distinct  as 
regards  its  location  and  faculty,  and  Florida  College  for  Women, 
opened  in  1905  as  an  affiliated  college  of  the  state  university, 
which  became  coeducational  in  1888,  are  examples  of  the  old- 
time  Southern  prejudice.  The  abandonment  of  coeducation 
at  Western  Reserve  University  in  1888  after  a  trial  of  sixteen 
years,  and  the  establishment  of  a  coordinate  college  for  women 
under  the  university  charter  resulted  from  a  decision  of  the 
trustees  to  call  the  college  back  to  its  original  purpose,  to  edu- 


The  Higher  Education.  7 

cate  men  only,  a  decision  which  seemed  the  wisest  solution  of 
the  difficulties  growing  out  of  an  attempt  to  engraft  coeducation 
upon  an  institution  modelled  after  New  England  ideas.  The 
decision  of  the  trustees  of  Wesleyan  University  to  limit  the 
number  of  women  admitted  in  any  one  year  to  twenty  per  cent  of 
the  whole  number  of  students  enrolled  in  the  preceding  year 
and  their  later  acknowledgment  of  defeat  when  they  voted  to 
admit  no  women  after  the  class  of  1913,  may  be  taken  as  another 
instance  of  the  futility  of  the  attempt  to  introduce  coeducation 
into  a  New  England  college.  The  segregation  policy  of  Chicago 
University,  adopted  by  the  trustees  in  October,  1902,  whereby 
separate  instruction  is  provided  as  far  as  possible  for  men  and 
women  during  the  freshman  and  sophomore  years,  was  ex- 
plained by  President  Harper  as  due  in  a  large  measure  to  the 
proximity  of  the  university  to  a  great  metropolis  and  the 
increasing  enrolment  of  young  women  students.  The  decision 
of  the  trustees  of  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  University  to  limit 
the  number  of  women  students  to  five  hundred  at  any  time  is, 
according  to  President  Jordan,  in  harmony  with  the  founder's 
purpose. 

The  aim  of  the  trustees  of  Middlebury  College  in  establish- 
ing a  coordinate  institution  in  1903  after  twenty  years  of  co- 
education and  the  complete  separation  of  the  two  in  the  re- 
quired work  of  the  first  two  years  is  said  to  be  due  to  a  desire 
to  make  suitable  and  adequate  provision  for  the  culture  and 
intellectual  training  of  young  women,  to  enable  them  to  enjoy 
a  more  distinct  social  life  while  in  college  and  to  provide  for 
them  an  independent  system  of  honors  and  prizes.  The  College 
for  Women  opened  at  Bucknell  University  in  1905,  though  at 


8  The  Higher  Education. 

present  only  a  hall  of  residence,  since  very  little  instruction  is 
given  separately,  is  nevertheless  the  beginning  of  a  definite 
plan  for  separation.  The  system  of  coordination  in  vogue  at 
Colby  for  the  past  ten  years  and  the  very  recent  decision  of  the 
trustees  to  introduce  separation  in  chapel  exercises  and  to 
establish,  as  soon  as  funds  will  warrant,  an  affiliated  college 
for  women  seems  to  be  the  accepted  solution  of  the  vexatious 
problem  of  providing  collegiate  instruction  for  women  in  con- 
nection with  well-established  colleges  for  men  along  the  Atlantic 
seaboard. 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  9 


CHAPTER  II. 

The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

The  year  1776,  remarkable  in  the  annals  of  history  as 
witnessing  the  beginning  of  a  mighty  nation  through  the 
union  of  thirteen  colonies, —  a  union  that  was  to  stand  pre- 
eminently for  the  brotherhood  of  man,  saw  also  the  foundations 
laid  for  another  union,  another  brotherhood,  that,  like  its 
prototype,  was  destined  to  grow  into  a  mighty  power.  On 
the  fifth  of  December,  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society  was  founded 
at  William  and  Mary  College,  Williamsburg,  Va.  This  was 
the  first  of  the  secret  Greek-Letter  Societies  and  therefore  the 
parent  of  the  modern  fraternity  system,  which  has  become  so 
large  a  factor  in  the  college  life  of  the  United  States. 

The  originators  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa  made  early  provision 
for  charter  grants  to  other  colleges,  yet  nearly  half  a  century 
passed  before  its  roll  numbered  five  chapters  and  before  another 
Greek-Letter  society  was  founded.  Colleges  were  few  and 
scattered,  the  country  in  the  throes  of  a  great  war.  The  colleges 
established  prior  to  the  Revolution  were  but  nine  in  number, 
Harvard  (1636),  William  and  Mary  (1693),  Yale  (1701), 
Princeton  (1746),  King's  now  Columbia  (1754),  Pennsylvania 
(1757),  Rutgers  (1763),  Brown  (1764),  and  Dartmouth  (1770). 
No  small  proportion  of  their  endowment  had  come  from  the 
mother  country,  but  the  Declaration  of  Independence  naturally 


12  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

established  at  the  same  college  thirty  years  before,  Sigma  Chi, 
Miami,  1855,  Sigma  Alpha  Epsilon,  Alabama,  1856,  Delta  Tau 
Delta,  Bethany,  1859.  The  five  years  immediately  following 
the  close  of  the  Civil  War  are  remarkable  as  giving  birth  to 
five  fraternities  and  those  all  founded  in  Virginia, — Alpha 
Tau  Omega,  Virginia  Military  Institute,  1865,  Kappa  Alpha 
(Southern  Order),  Washington  and  Lee,  1865,  Pi  Kappa  Alpha, 
University  of  Virginia,  1868,  Kappa  Sigma,  University  of 
Virginia,  1869,  Sigma  Nu,  Virginia  Military  Institute,  1869. 
These  twenty-five  fraternities,  together  with  one  other,  Phi 
Sigma  Kappa,  founded  at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Col- 
lege in  1873,  had  the  field  practically  to  themselves  for  more 
than  thirty  years,  but  the  twentieth  century  is  giving  evidence 
of  renewed  activity  in  founding  fraternities,  for  the  year  1901 
alone  gave  birth  to  three  new  societies  that  have  made  a  place  for 
themselves  already, —  Omega  Pi  Alpha  and  Delta  Sigma  Phi 
founded  at  the  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  and  Sigma  Phi 
Epsilon  established  at  Richmond.  Alpha  Chi  Rho,  founded  at 
Trinity  College,  also  came  into  prominence  about  this  same  time. 
Theta  Chi,  after  nearly  half  a  century  as  a  local  at  Norwich 
University,  felt  the  call  to  expand  in  1903  and  has  since  then 
been  growing  steadily. 

When  opportunities  for  collegiate  training  became  a  possi- 
bility for  women  it  was  but  natural,  especially  in  the  coedu- 
cational institutions,  that  college  girls  should  be  anxious  to 
enjoy  the  manifest  advantages  that  membership  in  these  secret 
organizations  secured.  It  was  not  surprising,  then,  to  find  that 
one-third  of  the  existing  sororities  were  founded  at  coeducational 
colleges  within  three  years  after  the   admission  of  women. 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  13 

The  first  secret  society  for  women,  so  far  as  is  known,  was  the 
Adelphean,  founded  at  Wesleyan  College,  Macon,  Ga.,  in  1851, 
which  changed  its  name  to  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi  Sorority  in  1903. 
A  similar  club  was  the  Philomathean,  which  was  organized 
in  1852,  and  which  became  Phi  Mu  in  1904.  Both  were  sus- 
pended for  a  few  years  during  the  Civil  War  owing  to  the 
closing  of  the  institution,  but  were  kept  alive  through  the 
efforts  of  resident  members.  Another  society,  founded  in  1856, 
and  interesting  historically  as  probably  the  first  one  composed 
of  women  to  bear  a  Greek  name  was  Chi  Theta  Delta,  which 
existed  for  several  years  at  the  Troy  Female  Seminary  and 
which  was  instituted  by  delegations  from  the  Rensselaer  and 
Union  chapters  of  Theta  Delta  Chi.  The  oldest  secret  organiza- 
tion to  enjoy  an  uninterrupted  existence  up  to  the  present  day 
was  Kappa  Sigma,  founded  at  Elmira  College  in  1856.  This 
was  followed  ten  years  later  by  Phi  Mu  at  the  same  college. 
Neither  of  these  societies  began  life  with  Greek  names,  but  the 
change  was  made  very  early  in  their  history.  The  first  national 
organization,  or  sorority,  was  the  I.  C.  Sorosis,  founded  at  Mon- 
mouth College  in  1867,  and  known  since  1888  as  Pi  Beta  Phi. 
The  first  sorority  to  bear  a  Greek  name  was  Kappa  Alpha  Theta, 
founded  at  De  Pauw  University  in  1870.  The  establishment  of 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  in  this  same  year  at  Monmouth  College, 
of  Alpha  Phi  at  Syracuse  University  in  1872,  of  Delta  Gamma 
at  Louis  Institute, — a  boarding  school  for  girls  at  Oxford,  Miss., 
the  seat  of  the  State  University,  in  January,  1874,  of  Gamma  Phi 
Beta  at  Syracuse  University  and  of  Sigma  Kappa  at  Colby 
College  in  November  of  that  same  year,  of  Phi  Sigma  and  Zeta 
Alpha  at  Wellesley  in  1876,  shows  how  simultaneous  and  spon- 


14  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

taneous  was  the  development  of  the  fraternity  idea  among  col- 
lege women  in  different  sections  of  the  country.  There  is  no 
doubt  that  numerous  similar  organizations  existed  in  other  col- 
leges, for  sorority  records  show  a  number  of  instances  where 
such  societies  applied  for  charters  and  became  enrolled  as 
chapters  of  the  more  vigorous  orders.  The  phenomenal 
growth  of  the  latter  and  the  rise  of  the  more  recent  soror- 
ities can  be  readily  accounted  for  by  the  rapid  increase  in 
matriculation. 

Of  the  fourteen  Greek-Letter  societies  established  prior 
to  1880  and  in  existence  today,  all  but  three,  Kappa  Sigma 
and  Phi  Mu  of  Elmira  and  Zeta  Alpha  of  Wellesley  have  es- 
tablished chapters,  but  only  four,  the  I.  C.  Sorosis,  Kappa 
Alpha  Theta,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  and  Delta  Gamma  were 
anything  more  than  local  organizations  at  that  date.  Alpha 
Phi  established  its  second  chapter  at  Northwestern  in  1881, 
Gamma  Phi  Beta,  its  second  at  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1882.  Phi  Sigma  organized'a  branch*  at  Wesley  an  University  in 
1893,  but  this  became  extinct  after  an  existence  of  ten  vears. 
Sigma  Kappa  waited  nearly  thirty  years  before  granting  its 
first  charter  to  petitioners  at  Boston  University  in  1904.  Alpha 
Delta  Phi  and  Phi  Mu  remained  locals  for  more  than  half  a 
century.  The  fact  that  barely  twenty  chapters  established 
between  1870  and  1880  have  had  an  unbroken  existence  is  a 
striking  proof  of  the  general  disfavor  with  which  the  higher 
education  of  women  was  regarded  in  its  experimental  stage. 
The  establishment  of  sixty-three  vigorous  chapters  during  the 
next  decade  shows  conclusively  that  the  experiment  was  a 
success  and  that  the  sorority  idea  was  becoming  firmly  en- 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  15 

trenched.  The  granting  of  sixty  charters  to  college  petitioners 
between  1890  and  1900  bears  testimony  to  the  growing  pop- 
ularity of  collegiate  training  for  women.  The  fact  that  nearly 
one  hundred  and  fifty  college  chapters  have  been  established 
in  less  than  a  decade  and  that  many  new  sororities  have  come 
into  prominence  within  that  same  period  would  indicate  that 
the  twentieth  century  is  extending  the  heartiest  kind  of  welcome 
to  the  sorority  as  well  as  to  the  college  girl. 

One  interesting  phase  in  the  evolution  of  the  system  has 
been  the  organization  of  special  sororities  by  musical  and 
medical  students.  Though  by  no  means  affecting  such  large 
numbers  of  matriculates,  they  are  solving  the  same  problems 
that  confront  the  literary  sororities,  especially  along  the  line 
of  providing  opportunities  for  the  growth  of  congenial  friend- 
ships. The  simple  social  life  that  these  organizations  make  a 
possibility  is  a  great  boon  to  those  who  are  in  a  measure  shut 
out  from  active  participation  in  the  general  college  life  that 
centres  about  the  academic  departments  of  the  large  univer- 
sities. 

Distribution  of  Chapters. 

Of  the  twenty-three  literary  sororities  having  one  or  more 
chapters  in  colleges  of  the  highest  rank,  three,  Pi  Beta  Phi, 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta  and  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  have  over 
thirty  chapters.  These  and  two  others,  Delta  Delta  Delta  and 
Chi  Omega,  both  rapidly  nearing  the  thirty  chapter  mark,  are 
found  in  all  sections  of  the  country.  Delta  Gamma,  though  by 
birth  a  southern  sorority,  has  now  no  chapter  south  of  Mason  and 


16  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Dixon's  line.  Alpha  Delta  Phi  and  Phi  Mu  confined  themselves 
to  the  South  for  more  than  half  a  century.  In  addition  to  this 
there  are  three  sororities  that  seem  at  present  essentially  South- 
ern, Kappa  Delta,  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma  and  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  all 
organized  at  the  Virginia  State  Normal  School.  Virginia  has 
always  been  noted  as  a  fraternity  stronghold  and  was  the  birth- 
place of  seven  fraternities,  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Alpha  Tau  Omega, 
Southern  Kappa  Alpha,  Kappa  Sigma,  Pi  Kappa  Alpha,  Sigma 
Nu  and  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon.  Until  1893,  when  Randolph-Ma- 
con Woman's  College  was  opened,  no  provision  had  been  made 
by  Virginia  for  the  higher  education  of  her  daughters.  Indeed 
until  the  Normal  School  was  opened  in  1884  there  was  not  a 
scientific  laboratory  in  the  entire  state  accessible  to  women. 
Presenting,  then,  for  nine  years  the  only  opportunity  for  ad- 
vanced work,  it  is  not  strange  that  this  school  attracted  a  su- 
perior class  of  students,  many  of  them  daughters  of  professors 
in  the  colleges  of  the  state  and  consequently  in  touch  with  the 
fraternity  idea  since  early  childhood.  Therefore  the  establish- 
ment of  these  three  secret  societies  was  in  no  wise  a  peculiar 
circumstance,  but  simply  a  natural  outcome  of  the  wide-spread 
activity  of  the  fraternities  among  the  men  of  Virginia.  Owing 
to  the  fact  that  coeducation  is  not  so  popular  in  the  South  as 
in  the  Middle  West,  which  has  always  been  the  sorority  strong- 
hold, opportunities  for  extension  were  naturally  limited  and 
some  of  the  earlier  charter  grants  were  made  to  institutions  be- 
low collegiate  rank.  It  is  generally  understood,  however,  that 
this  is  only  a  temporary  arrangement  and  that  these  chapters 
will  be  retained  only  until  such  time  as  the  sororities  are  strong 
enough  to  dispense  with  them.     Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  at  its  con- 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  17 

vention  in  June,  1906,  was  the  first  to  raise  its  standards  bv 
dropping  from  its  roll  all  chapters  not  located  at  colleges. 
Sigma  Sigma  Sigma  soon  followed  with  a  decision  to  enter  only 
institutions  of  collegiate  rank.  A  fourth  society  founded  at  the 
Virginia  State  Normal  School,  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  has  recently 
placed  chapters  above  the  seminary  rank,  so  it  is  doubtless  only 
a  question  of  time  when  all  these  essentially  Southern  orders 
will  have  chapter  rolls  that  will  compare  favorably  with  those  of 
the  older  sororities.  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  founded  in  the  North, 
has  one-fourth  of  its  chapters  in  the  South.  Alpha  Xi  Delta, 
founded  in  Illinois,  and  Sigma  Kappa,  founded  in  Maine,  have 
both  called  attention  to  themselves  by  the  rapidity  with  which 
they  have  recently  placed  branches  at  considerable  distance 
from  the  parent  chapter.  No  student  of  the  sorority  system 
could  fail  to  notice  the  rather  remarkable  similarity  in  the  case 
of  Alpha  Phi  and  Gamma  Phi  Beta  as  regards  birthplace,  age, 
monogram  badge  and  chapter  roll. 


Extension. 

Approximately  speaking  the  number  of  men  enrolled  in  the 
colleges  of  the  United  States  is  twice  that  of  the  women.  Ex- 
clusive of  professional  societies,  which  have  no  real  bearing  on 
the  case  in  point,  the  fraternities  are  twice  as  numerous  as  the 
sororities.  When,  however,  it  comes  to  a  question  of  the  rela- 
tive number  of  chapters,  statistics  show  that  there  are  four 
fraternity  chapters  to  every  sorority  chapter,  even  when  local 
societies  at  the  women's  colleges  that  are  unfriendly  to  the 


18  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

national  sorority  idea  are  counted  in  the  total  number.  The 
natural  inference  would  be  that  the  sorority  is  not  so  popular 
with  college  women  as  the  fraternity  is  w  ith  college  men.  Any- 
one, however,  who  knows  how  many  local  societies  have  pe- 
titions before  the  sororities  is  aware  how  very  far  from  true  such 
an  inference  would  be.  A  certain  proportion  of  these  petitions, 
to  be  sure,  has  come  from  colleges  which  have  not  reached  the 
standards  set  by  the  leading  universities  of  the  country  and 
which,  therefore,  will  fail  to  meet  the  first  requirements  of  the 
largest  and  most  popular  sororities,  but.  even  when  these  ap- 
plications are  omitted  from  the  list,  enough  remain  so  that  it 
would  not  be  a  very  difficult  matter  for  the  sororities  to  double 
their  chapter  rolls  by  accession  from  colleges  that  have  been  ad- 
mitted by  common  consent  to  be  eligible  to  consideration. 
Few  locals  have  the  courage  to  become  the  nucleus  of  a 
national  organization,  but  prefer  to  wait  anywhere  from  two 
to  ten  years  for  recognition  from  some  well-known  sorority. 
They  reason  that  while  they  stand  alone  they  have  only  them- 
selves to  consider,  whereas  if  they  were  to  place  chapters  of 
their  own  organization  in  other  colleges,  they  would  lose  the 
local  prestige  that  comes  from  having  a  petition  before  a  famous 
sorority  and  would  have  to  meet  their  rivals  as  a  chapter  of  a 
weak  society.  Confident  of  securing  the  coveted  charter  by 
patience  and  persistency  and  of  acquiring,  thereby,  the  reputa- 
tion that  would  come  to  them  as  a  branch  of  some  famous  order, 
they  continue  to  keep  their  petition  before  the  sorority  of  their 
choice,  even  after  they  have  been  assured  repeatedly  of  the 
impossibility  of  a  charter  grant  and  have  been  advised  to  apply 
elsewhere.     Deference  to  the  wishes  of  their  alumnae  and  con- 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  19 


sideration  for  their  own  immediate  welfare  in  the  matter  of 
rushing  determine  to  a  large  degree  their  attitude  in  this  matter. 
There  is  probably  no  sorority  that  has  not  cherished,  at 
some  time  in  its  career,  the  idea  of  entering  the  famous  inde- 
pendent colleges  for  women.  The  high  standards,  the  large 
enrolment,  two  things  that  mean  plenty  of  good  sorority 
material,  have  always  proved  very  attractive  to  organizations 
that,  like  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  are  anxious  to  have  their  chapter 
rolls  stand  for  the  best  in  education.  Two  independent  colleges 
for  women,  Baltimore  and  Randolph-Macon,  and  several 
affiliated  colleges,  Newcomb,  Barnard,  Middlebury  and  Brown 
admit  national  sororities,  but  up  to  the  present  time  the  big 
colleges,  Vassar,  Wellesley,  Smith,  Bryn  Mawr  and  Mt.  Holyoke, 
and  several  smaller  ones,  as  well  as  one  affiliated,  Western  Re- 
serve, are  closed  to  these  organizations,  though  a  number  have 
local  secret  societies.  This  condition  of  affairs  is  in  part 
due  to  faculty  decision  and  in  part  to  student  indifference. 
When  local  secret  societies  are  fostered,  there  is  a  feeling 
perhaps  on  the  part  of  the  administration  that  this  particu- 
lar kind  of  organization  adds  a  bit  of  local  color,  creates  an 
esprit  de  corps,  gives  a  certain  personnel  to  the  college.  There 
is  a  feeling,  too,  that  the  national  sorority,  by  demanding 
allegiance,  requiring  dues,  publishing  magazines  and  holding 
conventions,  may  weaken  the  interest  in  the  alma  mater. 
This  is  a  fallacy.  The  sororities  always  do  arouse  interest 
in  other  colleges  and  in  the  whole  movement  for  the  higher 
education  of  women,  in  the  problems  that  confront  college 
girls,  problems  that  faculties  have  not  solved  and  are  not 
solving,  that  college  girls  alone  can  solve,  but  they  do  not 


20  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

weaken  any  student's  interest  in  her  own  college.  When  she 
meets  her  sisters  from  other  universities,  be  it  at  convention 
or  in  the  alumnae  association,  in  public  or  in  private,  she  knows 
she  is  always  looked  upon  as  a  type  of  her  alma  mater,  and  she 
is  more  than  anxious  by  conversation  and  deportment  to  show 
her  college  in  a  creditable  light.  From  various  sources  she 
learns  what  other  colleges  are  doing  along  certain  lines,  what 
new  inspirations  have  come  to  do  better  and  broader  work, 
and  she  returns  to  her  own  chapter,  to  her  own  college,  to  praise 
where  praise  is  due  and  where  censure  or  improvement  is 
needed,  to  seek  through  her  own  chapter  and  rival  chapters 
to  effect  the  necessary  reforms.  To  believe  there  is  only  one 
college  in  the  world,  that  this  college  is  above  reproach  and 
incapable  of  improvement,  is  snobbishness.  To  see  weaknesses 
in  one's  alma  mater,  to  strengthen  it  by  every  means  within 
one's  power,  to  guard  its  interests  jealously,  this  is  loyalty. 
No  one  is  so  genuinely  or  so  generously  interested  in  her  college 
as  the  sorority  girl,  no  one  has  the  opportunities  that  the  sorority 
girl  has  to  compare  her  own  college  with  others.  There  may 
be  a  few  colleges,  having  chapters  of  the  national  sororities, 
that  seem  lacking  in  college  spirit,  but  a  close  investigation 
will  show  that  this  lack  is  not  due  to  the  presence  of  the  fra- 
ternities, but  to  other  causes. 

A  university  located  in  the  heart  of  a  large  city  finds  it 
very  difficult  to  inspire  the  same  amount  of  college  spirit  that 
is  secured  with  slight  effort  in  a  much  smaller  college  situated 
in  a  village.  The  city  university  draws  its  students  to  a 
large  extent  from  the  towns  within  a  radius  of  twenty-five  miles. 
The  marked  improvements  recently  made  in  the  matter  of 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  21 

cheap  and  quick  transit  render  it  possible  for  many  of  the 
students  to  live  at  home  during  their  entire  college  course. 
The  hurried  entrance  upon  the  work  of  the  day,  the  hasty  exit 
after  recitations  in  order  to  catch  a  train,  the  absence  of  dor- 
mitories, the  lack  of  suitable  boarding  places  in  the  congested 
districts  of  a  large  metropolis  for  the  few  who  are  forced  to  find 
temporary  lodgment,  the  distractions  and  fascinations  of  a  large 
city,  the  general  indifference  of  the  greater  part  of  the  citizens, 
are  all  potent  agencies  that  work  constantly  against  any  very 
strong  growth  of  college  spirit.  These  same  elements  make 
it  exceedingly  difficult  for  the  city  university  to  have  a  satis- 
factory social  life,  always  a  great  help  in  the  development  of  a 
strong  esprit  de  corps.  Sorority  life  under  these  conditions  is 
not  without  its  drawbacks.  Evening  chapter  meetings  are 
entirely  out  of  the  question  and  those  in  the  afternoon  can  sel- 
dom be  arranged  so  as  not  to  interfere  with  train  schedules  or 
the  convenience  of  those  members  whose  recitations  are  all  in 
the  morning. 

The  college  or  university  in  the  small  town,  on  the  other 
hand,  fills  the  whole  horizon  for  students,  faculty,  property 
owners  and  tradesmen  and  there  is  a  marked  local  pride  taken 
in  everything  that  interests  the  students.  They  are  people 
of  importance  in  the  village  because  of  their  association  with  the 
college,  and  since  everybody  thinks  there  is  but  one  college 
in  the  whole  world,  they  begin  to  think  so  too  and  develop 
immediately  a  very  proper  and  lasting  interest  in  their  alma 
mater.  With  dormitories,  halls  of  residence,  fraternity  and 
sorority  houses  on  or  near  the  campus,  with  boarding  places  and 
faculty  houses  within  easy  reach,  it  is  possible  for  such  a  college 


22  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

to  have  a  very  delightful  social  life  and  to  foster  all  sorts  of 
student  enterprises.  Under  such  conditions  fraternity  and 
sorority  life  comes  very  near  to  being  ideal,  an  interest  that 
is  second  only  to  that  felt  for  the  college  itself. 

Those  who  have  studied  deeply  into  fraternity  conditions 
understand  how  very  difficult  it  is  to  build  up  strong  chapters 
in  colleges  that  have  no  dormitory  system  or  that  have  an 
enormous  enrolment.  One  city,  Cambridge,  the  home  of 
Radcliffe  and  Harvard,  will  furnish  illustration  for  both  of 
these  points.  Radcliffe,  with  very  little  dormitory  accommo- 
dation, draws  its  students  largely  from  nearby  cities  and  towns, 
and  so  much  time  is  consumed  in  transit  between  the  home  and 
the  college  there  is  practically  none  left  for  the  fostering  of  the 
life-long  friendships  that  are  such  a  valuable  product  of  com- 
munity life.  Harvard,  on  the  other  hand,  with  its  hundreds 
of  students,  its  numerous  dormitories,  its  almost  inexhaustible 
supply  of  boarding  houses,  has  never  been  found  favorable 
ground  for  the  planting  of  fraternity  chapters.  A  very  few 
do  exist,  but  they  are  hampered  by  many  difficulties.  In  the 
first  place  the  city,  its  near  neighbor,  Boston,  and  the  college 
itself  offer  unlimited  attractions,  so  the  fraternity  finds  few 
opportunities  to  fill  spare  moments  with  interest.  Again,  with 
the  large  entering  classes  and  the  elective  system  governing 
studies,  there  is  but  slight  class  cohesion  and  very  little  chance 
for  upper  class  people  to  become  well  acquainted  with  the 
freshmen.  Similar  conditions  exist  at  Yale  with  very  similar 
results. 
,  It  is  thought  by  many  sorority  leaders  that  the  large  colleges 
for  women  would  present  the  same  problems  as  Harvard  and 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  23 


Yale.  The  life  of  these  institutions  is  already  very  complex. 
Every  minute  of  a  girl's  spare  time,  every  cent  of  her  allowance, 
is  spoken  for  many  times  over.  The  freshman  class,  moreover, 
by  reason  of  its  large  enrolment  would  present  innumerable 
difficulties  in  any  attempt  to  become  acquainted  with  the  in- 
dividual members  or  to  study  them  with  a  view  to  discovering 
their  possibilities  as  good  sorority  material.  Elections  would 
necessarily  have  to  be  postponed  and  as  a  result  the  chapter 
would  tend  to  become  a  class  society  as  did  Alpha  Delta  Phi, 
Psi  Upsilon,  Delta  Kappa  Epsilon  and  Zeta  Psi  at  Yale,  and 
toward  which  condition  the  local  societies  at  Wellesley,  Smith 
and  Mt.  Holyoke  are  surely  tending.  It  remains  for  the  future 
to  show  whether  the  great  numbers  at  present  unprovided  for 
by  these  local  clubs  will  establish  similar  organizations  or  ap- 
peal to  the  sororities  for  charters.  New  local  societies,  to  be 
sure,  would  lack  the  prestige  that  the  older  ones  have  and  which 
the  sororities  could  furnish.  The  all  important  question,  of 
course,  with  the  sororities  will  be  whether  the  large  class  society 
would  be  favorable  to  the  best  development  of  the  sorority  idea 
and  ideal.  The  sorority  idea  means  close  friendship  fostered 
by  long  association  in  common  interests.  The  sorority  ideal 
is  the  symmetrically  developed  woman,  the  result  of  close 
confidence  and  lasting  friendships  with  a  few  congenial  spirits. 
A  generation  ago  the  sororities  would  have  been  glad 
to  enter  these  colleges  and  succeeding  years  would  have  seen 
the  number  of  chapters  keeping  pace  with  the  increase  in  ma- 
triculation. Today  any  well-known  sorority  would  think  twice 
before  entering,  even  though  assured  of  a  hearty  welcome  on 
the  part  of  the  administration. 


24  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Standards. 

|  The  Inter-Sorority  Conference  of  1905  defined  a  national 
sorority  as  one  having  at  least  five  chapters,  all  of  them  at 
institutions  of  collegiate  rank.  No  definition  of  "collegiate 
rank"  was  attempted  by  the  Conference  and  indeed  there  is  no 
organization  whose  decision  could  be  taken  as  official  and  final. 
Inasmuch  as  the  United  States  exercises  no  federal  control  over 
the  schools  of  the  country,  there  is  no  national  system  of  edu- 
cation and  no  national  board  of  education  to  determine  what 
particular  kind  or  amount  of  work  shall  constitute  a  college  or 
university.  In  the  Annual  Reports  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior,  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education  puts 
all  universities,  colleges  and  technological  schools,  with  the 
exception  of  those  admitting  women  only,  in  one  group  without 
any  attempt  at  classification.  There  is  much  interesting 
information  to  be  gleaned  from  these  reports  concerning  the 
valuation  of  the  real  estate  and  apparatus  of  the  different  col- 
leges and  concerning  the  registration  and  faculty,  but  little  to 
show  that  some  of  the  five  hundred  are  doing  higher  grade  work 
than  others.  It  is  left  to  the  student  of  college  data  to  make 
his  own  deductions  and  the  most  natural  inference  is  that  a  large 
endowment,  a  large  corps  of  professors,  a  large  registration, 
mean  high  standards,  but  conclusions  from  these  premises 
alone  are  not  necessarily  correct.  As  has  been  already  stated, 
conditions  in  the  case  of  the  colleges  for  women  are  somewhat 
different.  Here  the  Commissioner  has  made  two  groups. 
Just  what  is  the  basis  of  decision  is  not  stated,  but  Baltimore, 
Barnard,  Bryn  Mawr,  Elmira,  Mills,  Mt.  Holyoke,  Newcomb, 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  25 

Radcliffe,  Randolph-Macon,  Rockford,  Simmons,  Smith,  Trini- 
ty, Vassar,  Wellesley,  Wells  and  Wesleyan  (Ga.),  are  put  in  the 
A  class,  while  the  colleges  for  women  connected  with  Brown 
and  Western  Reserve  are  included  in  the  reports  of  coedu- 
cational colleges,  though  they  are  quite  distinct  organizations. 

Thirty-five  years  ago  when  sororities  were  in  their  infancy 
the  problem  of  extension  was  a  serious  one  and  a  number  of 
charters  were  granted  to  institutions  but  little  higher  in  grade 
than  the  modern  seminary.  The  last  quarter  century,  how- 
ever, has  witnessed  great  advances  in  the  movement  for  the 
higher  education  of  women.  In  order  that  the  standards  of 
the  different  sororities  may  be  of  the  highest,  it  is  imperative 
that  great  care  should  be  taken  to  place  new  chapters  only  at 
such  colleges  and  universities  as  are  known  to  be  of  high  grade. 
To  this  end  the  Inter-Sorority  Conference  has  decided  not  to  rec- 
ognize any  order  until  its  chapter  roll  meets  certain  require- 
ments. 

One  organization  that  has  done  much  to  determine  what  the 
bachelor's  degree  should  stand  for  is  the  Association  of  Col- 
legiate Alumnae.  This  was  founded  at  Boston  in  November, 
1881,  by  seventeen  college  women,  representing  eight  colleges, 
in  the  hope  of  uniting  the  alumnae  of  different  institutions  for 
practical  educational  work.  Later  by  reason  of  the  limitations 
placed  upon  admission,  it  came  to  be  recognized  as  standing 
for  the  maintenance  of  high  standards  of  education.  No 
college  applying  for  membership  in  the  body  corporate  is 
examined  unless  it  has  fifty  women  graduates  and  an  endow- 
ment of  $500,000.  A  preparatory  department  under  the 
government  or  instruction  of  the  college  faculty  is  also  a  bar. 


26  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Great  stress  is  laid  upon  the  educational  qualifications  of  the 
corps  of  instruction,  the  average  available  income  and  the  value 
of  the  equipment  of  the  institution  for  the  work  it  undertakes. 
The  colleges  now  on  the  list  number  twenty-four,  seventeen 
coeducational,  Boston,  California,  Chicago,  Cornell,  Illinois, 
Kansas,  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Mass.  Institute  of  Technology, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ober- 
lin,  Syracuse,  Wesleyan,  Wisconsin,  four  independent,  Bryn 
Mawr,  Smith,  Vassar,  Wellesley  and  three  affiliated,  Barnard, 
Radcliffe,  Western  Reserve. 

A  similar  organization,  founded  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  in 
1903,  is  the  Southern  Association  of  College  Women,  which  was 
an  outgrowth  of  the  clubs  of  Southern  girls  in  Northern  colleges. 
Its  object  is  "to  unite  college  women  in  the  South  for  the  pro- 
motion of  higher  education  for  women;  to  raise  the  standard  of 
education  for  women;  to  develop  preparatory  schools,  and  to 
define  the  line  of  demarcation  between  preparatory  schools  and 
colleges/'  The  corporate  members  are  all  colleges  recognized 
by  the  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae  and  by  the  Southern 
Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools,  and  fur- 
thermore any  other  college  that  the  Association  considers 
to  be  of  the  same  rank  as  the  aforesaid.  The  association 
hopes  eventually  to  do  work  very  similar  to  that  done  by 
its  Northern  prototype,  but  at  present  it  feels  that  it  should 
devote  most  of  its  thought  to  educational  problems  of  the 
South. 

Another  agency  that  is  making  for  uniform  standards 
is  the  honorary  society.  A  charter  grant  from  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  means  that  the  institution  receiving  it  has  met  the 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  27 


requirements  as  to  organization,  equipment,  financial  standing, 
faculty,  enrolment,  curriculum  and  entrance  examinations 
demanded  by  a  body  of  men  who  are  well  qualified  by  training 
and  experience  to  decide  what  the  word  college  should  mean. 
It  does  not  always  follow  that  a  college  is  below  grade  because 
it  has  no  chapter  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  It  is  only  recently  that 
this  honorary  society  began  to  become  really  representative 
and  some  well  known  colleges  have  not  awakened  to  the  need 
or  meaning  of  a  charter  grant.  Notable  examples  of  this  are 
Bryn  Mawr  and  Radcliffe,  on  the  list  of  the  Association  of 
Collegiate  Alumnae  and  Indiana  on  the  roll  of  Sigma  Xi. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  of  the  344  chapters  accredited 
to  the  23  literary  sororities  in  Class  A,  204,  or  sixty  per  cent  are 
in  colleges  honored  by  Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Phi  Kappa  Phi  or 
Sigma  Xi.  Of  the  140  chapters  located  at  other  institution, 
14  belong  to  Pi  Beta  Phi,  13  to  Kappa  Delta,  9^to  Beta  Sigma 
Omicron  and  Chi  Omega,  8  to  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  Delta  Delta 
Delta,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  and  Phi 
Mu  Gamma,  7  to  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha  and  Phi  Mu,  6  to  Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma  and  Zeta  Tau  Aiph^T^te--A4^)l)^L^elta  Phi  and 
Alpha  Kappa  Psi,  4  to  Alpha  Chi  Omega,  3  to  Delta  Gamma  and 
Sigma  Kappa,  2  to  Alpha  Gamma  Delta  and  Gamma  Phi  Beta, 
1  to  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  Alpha  Phi  and  Delta  Zeta.  A  careful 
study  of  these  figures  will  show  that  the  higher  numbers  belong 
to  the  oldest  and  largest  societies  or  else  to  the  youngest.  There 
can  be  no  question  that  another  decade  will  show  a  marked 
improvement  in  this  particular,  for  many  colleges  at  present 
on  the  sorority  rolls  and  without  honorary  societies  will  receive 
charter  grants.     Their  standards  even  now  will  meet  the  re- 


28  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

quirements.     In  many  cases  it  is  only  a  question  of  petitioning 
Phi  Beta  Kappa  six  months  before  the  national  convention. 

Among  other  forces  at  work  to  secure  a  unification  of 
standards  in  the  college  entrance  examinations  may  be  men- 
tioned the  New  England  Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory 
Schools,  the  Association  of  Colleges  and  Preparatory  Schools 
of  the  Middle  States  and  Maryland,  the  Association  of  the  Col- 
leges and  Preparatory  Schools  of  the  Southern  States  and  the 
North  Central  Association  of  Colleges  and  Secondary  Schools. 

Government. 

The  supreme  governing  body  of  the  sororities  is  the  National 
Convention  which  meets  annually  or  biennially,  but  in  order 
that  important  questions  requiring  immediate  decision  may 
receive  attention  during  the  interim,  it  is  customary  for  the 
sororities  to  place  a  certain  amount  of  legislative,  judicial  and 
executive  power  in  the  hands  of  a  few  members  who  are  re- 
sponsible to  the  succeeding  convention  for  their  acts  and  who 
constitute  what  is  known  as  the  Grand  Council,  the  Executive 
Committee,  or  the  Grand  Chapter,  as  the  case  may  be.  The 
number  of  members  elected  for  this  purpose  differs  somewhat  in 
the  different  sororities,  but  a  President,  a  Vice-President,  a 
Secretary,  a  Treasurer  and  where  a  magazine  is  published, 
an  Editor,  are  always  found  among  the  officers,  though  in  seven 
cases,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  Alpha  Phi,  Gamma  Phi  Beta, 
Kappa  Delta,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  Sigma  Kappa  and  Alpha 
Delta  Phi,  the  Editor  is  not  ranked  as  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive staff.      These  five  officers  are  usually  sufficient  for  a  small 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  29 

sorority,  but  where  the  chapter  roll  numbers  more  than  twenty, 
the  task  of  welding  so  many  separate  units  into  a  harmonious 
whole  becomes  a  serious  problem.  Hence  it  has  come  to  pass 
that  the  older  and  larger  sororities  have  found  it  necessarv  to 
create  new  offices  in  order  that  no  member  of  the  executive 
staff  may  have  more  work  than  she  can  accomplish  satisfactorily 
and  in  order  that  every  phase  of  fraternity  development 
may  receive  its  due  share  of  attention.  The  sororities  are 
tending  more  and  more  toward  retaining  for  longer  periods 
than  the  usual  interim  of  two  years  between  conventions, 
those  officers  who  show  special  ability  along  certain  lines. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  is  unique  in  electing  its  editor, 
historian  and  director  of  catalogue  for  a  term  of  ten  years. 
Gamma  Phi  Beta  has  a  well-defined  policy  of  advancing  her 
officers  each  year.  The  governing  board  consists  of  one 
member  from  each  alumnae  chapter  and  as  each  president 
retires,  the  chapter  that  she  has  represented  elects  some  one 
who  takes  her  place  at  the  foot  of  the  line  and  works  up  through 
the  various  offices.  Delta  Gamma's  method  is  to  elect  its 
executive  staff  for  a  term  of  four  years,  the  election  of  the 
president  and  treasurer  alternating  with  that  of  the  vice- 
president  and  secretary.  Each  convention  designates  the 
chapters  from  which  the  new  officers  are  to  come,  and  these 
chapters  elect  the  officers  for  the  ensuing  term.  The  editor  is 
frequently  re-elected  several  times.  Alpha  Phi's  plan  of 
choosing  officers,  first  from  one  section  of  the  country  and  then 
from  another,  has  much  to  recommend  it.  Alpha  Omicron  Pi 
has  paid  its  four  founders  a  great  tribute  in  making  them  life 
members  of  the  Grand  Council. 


30  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Publications. 

The  publications  of  the  sororities  are  of  two  kinds,  those 
that  may  be  seen  by  the  uninitiated  and  those  issued  for 
members  only.  To  the  first  class  belong  the  magazines, 
the  catalogues  or  directories,  the  song  books,  the  histories  and 
the  calendars.  Among  the  secret  issues  are  the  constitutions, 
convention  reports,  bulletins  and  rituals. 

The  magazines  are  usually  quarterlies  and  devote  most 
of  their  space  to  reports  from  chapters  and  personals  about 
alumnae.  Under  the  head  of  Exchanges  each  editor  endeavors 
to  keep  her  subscribers  informed  of  all  that  is  passing  in  the 
fraternity  world.  The  years  between  1870  and  1880  are  note- 
worthy as  marking  the  period  during  which  a  great  impulse  was 
given  to  fraternity  journalism  by  the  publication  of  magazines 
by  many  of  the  men's  orders.  The  sororities  were  quick  to  see 
the  advantages  that  such  issues  had  and  the  next  decade  saw 
five  in  the  field, — "  The  Golden  Key  "  of  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 
in  1882,  "The  Anchora  "  of  Delta  Gamma,  "The  Arrow"  of 
Pi  Beta  Phi,  "The  Kappa  Alpha  Theta"  in  1885  and  "The  Alpha 
Phi  Quarterly"  in  1888.  Delta  Delta  Delta  followed  with 
"  The  Trident  "  in  1891,  Alpha  Chi  Omega  with  "  The  Lyre  " 
in  1894  and  Chi  Omega  with  "  The  Eleusis  "  in  1899.  The  last 
eight  years  have  brought  out  "  The  Crescent  "  of  Gamma  Phi 
Beta,  "  The  Alpha  Xi  Delta/'.  "  Themis  of  Zeta  Tau  Alpha," 
"  The  Angelos  "  of  Kappa  Delta,  "  The  Triangle  "  of  Sigma 
Sigma  Sigma,  "  To  Dragma  "  of  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  "  Mu  Phi 
Epsilon  Year  Book,"  "The  Beta  Sigma  Omicron,"  "The 
Aegis  "  of  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha,  "  The  Triangle  of  Sigma  Kappa," 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  31 

"  The  Adelphean  "  of  Alpha  Delta  Phi,  "The  Parchment  "  of 
Sigma  Iota  Chi,'"  The  Aglaia  "  of  Phi  Mu  and  "  The  Adamas  " 
of  Eta  Upsilon  Gamma. 

Catalogues  or  directories,  have  always  been  found  very 
useful  and  have  been  issued  with  more  or  less  frequency  by 
all  the  sororities.  The  simple  ones  give  merely  the  names 
and  addresses  of  the  members,  but  it  is  usual  to  find  them  well 
supplied  with  valuable  historical  data,  the  location  and  time  of 
founding  of  each  active  and  alumnae  chapter,  lists  of  present  and 
past  grand  officers,  chapter  officers  and  statistical  reports. 
The  older  and  larger  sororities  find  it  a  somewhat  difficult  task 
to  compile  their  directories,  and  five,  Pi  Beta  Phi,  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  Delta  Delta  Delta  and  Phi  Mu 
have  established  card  catalogues.  The  cards  are  sent  out 
periodically  with  the  request  that  the  members  return  them  to 
the  cataloguer  after  answering  the  printed  questions.  It  is 
possible  in  this  way  to  secure  promptly  a  great  deal  of  ac- 
curate information,  much  of  which  is  of  permanent  value. 

Song  books  have  been  published  by  all  the  large  sororities 
and  most  of  them  are  handsome  volumes,  filled  with  bright 
music  and  spirited  poems,  many  of  which  possess  distinct 
literary  merit. 

All  the  sororities  of  prominence  have  established  archives 
and  the  majority  of  them  have  an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to 
collect  and  arrange  historical  date.  Whenever  historical 
matter  has  been  given  to  the  public  it  has  usually  appeared  in 
some  issue  of  the  magazine,  which  is  known  henceforth  as  The 
Historical  Number.  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  issued  a  small 
pamphlet  in  1903  for  the  use  of  its  members  and  for  distribution 


32  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

among  its  friends.  The  history  of  Delta  Delta  Delta,  brought 
out  in  1907,  was  the  first  and  remained  the  only  elaborate  at- 
tempt in  book  form  until  1909,  when  Chi  Omega  brought  out  a 
very  attractive  manual. 

None  of  the  sororities  have  authorized  official  calendars, 
but  a  number  of  chapters  and  individuals  have  published 
very  attractive  issues  that  in  addition  to  serving  as  appropriate 
souvenirs  have  possessed  considerable  historical  and  literary 
value. 

Constitutions,  Convention  Reports,  Secret  Bulletins  and 
Rituals  are  not  supposed  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  any  one  who 
is  not  a  member,  so  little  is  known  of  them  by  outsiders.  It  is 
not  unusual,  however,  for  members  of  different  sororities,  es- 
pecially when  friends  or  relatives,  to  discuss  the  common  prob- 
lems that  confront  the  different  organizations.  In  this  way  it 
is  possible  for  those  who  are  deeply  interested  in  the  advance- 
ment of  the  sorority  idea  to  secure  a  very  fair  knowledge  of  the 
policies  and  regulations  of  the  various  organizations  as  laid 
down  in  the  different  constitutions. 

Convention  Reports  are  not  guarded  with  any  great  care 
and  on  many  occasions  very  important  decisions  have  been 
made  public  through  discussions  in  the  magazines.  -  From  the 
historical  numbers  one  may  glean  information  concerning  the 
successive  steps  in  all  the  great  movements  and  changes  of 
policies.  The  older  and  larger  a  sorority  becomes,  the  more 
likely  it  is  to  discuss  freely  and  publish  widely  much  of  what  it 
actually  has  done,  what  it  is  doing  and  what  it  expects  to  do. 
The  system  of  exchanging  magazines,  first  advocated  publicly 
in  Boston  in  1891,  practiced  occasionally  before  that  time  by 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  33 

broadminded,  progressive  editors,  and  in  general  vogue  at  the 
present  day,  has  done  much  to  develop  a  marked  similarity  in 
general  policies. 

Secret  Bulletins  have  been  found  very  convenient  by  many 
sororities,  particularly  the  larger  ones,  for  the  amount  of  routine 
correspondence  is  appalling  where  any  attempt  is  made  to 
secure  marked  intensive  growth  in  a  long  roll  of  chapters. 
Secret  issues  afford  great  relief  to  overworked  officials,  place 
matter  demanding  immediate  attention  before  all  the  chapters 
at  the  same  time  and  create  a  reference  library  that  is  of  in- 
calculable benefit  to  the  chapters  themselves.  To  Chi  Omega 
belongs  the  honor  of  issuing  the  first  secret  sorority  magazine. 
Its  Mystagogue  appeared  in  1905.  Delta  Delta  Delta  was  a 
close  second  with  its  quarterly  Triton  in  1906  and  elaborated 
the  idea  still  further  by  starting  a  secret  annual,  called  The 
Trireme,  in  1908.  The  advantages  of  such  an  organ,  issued  at 
definite  and  stated  times,  over  the  occasional  bulletin  are  too 
manifest  to  require  a  mention. 

Alumnae  Associations. 

The  movement  to  keep  the  alumnae  in  close  touch  with 
the  active  work  of  the  sorority  and  to  provide  congenial  asso- 
ciations for  them  is  one  of  the  more  recent  ideas  that  make 
for  intensive  growth.  The  prestige  and  dignity  given  by  a 
strong  body  of  alumnae  in  addition  to  the  financial  backing 
afforded  will  more  than  repay  any  society  for  the  labor  expended 
in  looking  out  for  the  interests  of  the  ex-collegio  members. 
Strange  to  say,  these  numerous  advantages  were  not  recognized 
by  the  oldest  sororities  very  early  in  their  careers. 


34  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Pi  Beta  Phi  was  the  pioneer  in  establishing  alumnae 
associations,  but  its  first  graduate  chapter  was  not  formed 
until  1881.  For  ten  years  these  bodies  had  all  the  privileges 
of  active  chapters  save  that  of  initiation.  In  1892  the  Alumnae 
Association  was  organized  under  a  constitution  of  its  own 
and  had  the  right  to  hold  conventions  at  the  same  time  and 
place  as  the  active  chapters.  In  1901  a  marked  change  in 
policy  was  made  and  the  entire  work  along  this  line  was  given 
over  to  the  Grand  Vice-President.  Alumnae  clubs  may  send 
representatives  to  the  convention  if  they  choose  and  these 
delegates  have  a  voice  but  no  vote.  The  Alumnae  Association 
as  a  whole  has  one  delegate  and  when  possible  she  is  the  Alumnae 
Editor  of  "The  Arrow". 

Other  sororities,  however,  did  not  copy  the  idea  imme- 
diately, probably  because  conditions  were  not  favorable 
to  its  dissemination.  The  magazine  was  in  embryo,  ex- 
changes unknown.  Alpha  Phi  was  the  first  to  follow  by 
the  establishment  of  two  alumnae  chapters  in  1889,  but  it 
has  never  permitted  any  association  to  exist  that  is  not  the 
direct  outgrowth  of  an  active  chapter.  Each  is  given  repre- 
sentation in  the  national  convention. 

Delta  Gamma  was  the  third  sorority  to  organize  groups 
of  alumnae  and  is  unique  in  having  two  kinds,  one  called  alum- 
nae chapters,  the  other  alumnae  associations.  The  former 
possess  a  charter,  pay  dues  and  have  a  vote  in  convention. 

Delta  Delta  Delta  was  the  first  sorority  to  provide  at  its 
very  inception  for  the  organization  of  Alliances  as  it  terms 
its  alumnae  associations.  It  is  unique  in  having  a  special 
constitution  for  them  and  a  special  ritual,  called  The  Circle 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  35 

Degree,  by  taking  which  graduates  become  eligible  to  member- 
ship in  an  Alliance.  The  first  was  formed  in  August,  1892. 
For  a  number  of  years  only  graduates  were  permitted  to  take 
the  higher  degree,  but  the  convention  of  1900  modified  this 
policy  somewhat,  so  that  it  is  now  possible  occasionally  for  an 
ex-member  to  become  associated  with  an  Alliance.  Special 
provision  is  made  at  the  national  convention  for  an  Alliance 
session  and  for  representation  in  the  undergraduate  section  as 
well.  The  Convention  of  1906  provided  for  a  special  officer 
who  has  charge  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  Alliances. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  leaders  recognized  the  desirability 
of  alumnae  associations  as  early  as  1887  and  agitated  the  matter 
vigorously  in  their  magazine,  but  the  idea  received  no  en- 
couragement from  the  active  membership.  A  group  of  Chicago 
alumnae,  who  were  in  charge  of  the  sorority's  exhibit  for  the 
World's  Fair,  petitioned  the  Convention  of  1892  for  a  charter. 
After  prolonged  and  heated  discussion  the  vote  was  finally 
carried,  but  as  the  alumnae  found  the  requirements  of  a  chapter 
burdensome  they  returned  their  charter  in  1896.  A  few  other 
associations  and  clubs  were  organized  after  this,  but  it  was  not 
until  the  Convention  of  1902  that  this  sorority  as  a  whole  recog- 
nized the  need  or  importance  of  providing  for  its  alumnae. 
At  that  time  the  work  was  put  into  the  hands  of  the  officers' 
deputies  and  the  growth  has  been  phenomenal.  At  the 
Convention  of  1906  a  national  organization  of  the  alumnae 
association  was  effected  under  the  control  of  three  special 
officers,  who  serve  as  president,  secretary  and  treasurer.  One 
whole  day  is  given  over  to  the  associations  at  convention  for 
the  transaction  of  business  of  special  interest  to  alumnae. 


36  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

Gamma  Phi  Beta  organized  its  first  group  of  alumnae  in 
December,  1892,  and  has  always  given  the  associations  all  the 
privileges  of  the  active  chapters. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta  made  no  formal  provision  for  alumnae 
associations  prior  to  the  Convention  of  1893,  but  in  that  year 
it  organized  the  Alpha  Alumnae  at  Greencastle,  Ind.  The 
associations  at  present  number  nineteen  and  are  named  al- 
phabetically in  order  of  founding  regardless  of  location,  so, 
except  in  the  case  of  the  first,  the  names  of  the  associations  are 
different  from  the  active  chapters  with  which  they  are  allied, 
a  method  that  seems  a  trifle  confusing  when  it  is  customary  to 
name  the  groups  from  the  cities  in  which  they  are  located  or 
from  the  chapters  with  which  they  are  affiliated. 

Chi  Omega  gives  a  vote  to  every  alumna  attending  con- 
vent on.  Charters  are  granted  to  alumnae  chapters  on  prac- 
tically the  same  conditions  as  those  to  college  petitioners  and 
examinations  are  required  of  them  as  of  the  active  chapters. 

Chapter  Houses. 

The  chapter  house  movement  among  sororities  is  a  rather 
recent  one,  and  has  come  about  quite  naturally,  because  at 
many  colleges  the  houses  of  the  men's  fraternities  are  a  con- 
spicuous feature  of  the  student  life.  Many  faculties  have  fos- 
tered the  development  of  the  fraternity  house  idea  because  it 
relieved  them  of  the  necessity  of  providing  accommodations 
for  a  large  number  of  students,  and,  to  a  certain  extent,  of  the 
supervision  of  the  inmates,  but  not  all  have  been  ready  to  accord 
the  same  privileges  to  the  sorority  girls,  and  dormitory  life  or 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  37 

residence  with  relatives  is  still  insisted  upon  at  certain  uni- 
versities. The  city  university,  drawing  its  material  largely 
from  the  immediate  environs,  offers  but  little  or  no  opportunity 
for  the  sorority  house,  though  it  is  not  unusual  for  chapters  at 
such  colleges  to  have  suites  of  rooms  which  provide  ample 
opportunities  for  spending  a  quiet  hour  in  rest  or  study,  passing 
the  night  after  some  college  function,  or  offering  informal 
entertainment  to  members  or  friends. 

Alpha  Phi  took  the  initiative  in  1889  when  it  erected  a 
chapter  house  at  Syracuse.  Other  sorority  chapters  were 
quick  to  see  the  advantages  of  such  a  course  and  many  now 
have  homes  which  they  own  wholly  or  in  part. 


Pan-Hellenism. 

The  Pan-Hellenic  movement  dates  back  to  the  time  when 
the  Boston  University  chapter  of  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  se- 
cured permission  from  the  convention  assembled  at  Blooming- 
ton,  Ind.,  August,  1890,  to  invite  the  other  sororities  to  meet 
in  convention  at  Boston.  The  proposed  work,  as  set  forth  in 
"  The  Key/'  was  to  be  that  of  recommendation  only,  the  reports 
to  be  adopted  or  rejected  as  each  sorority  should  decide.  An 
attempt,  however,  was  to  be  made,  "  To  secure  (1)  uniformity 
of  inter-fraternity  courtesy,  (2)  cooperation  in  purchasing 
fraternity  jewelry  and  stationery  for  purposes  of  increased 
security  and  cheapness,  (3)  a  practical  Pan-Hellenic  plan  for 
the  World's  Fair  (4)  uniformity  in  the  dates  of  the  fraternity 
publications,  (5)  inter-chapter  cooperation  and  etiquette. 


)? 


38  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

A  careful  reading  of  the  report  of  that  first  intersorority 
convention,  which  is  given  verbatim  in  practically  all  sorority 
magazines  of  that  time,  will  show  how  earnest  and  enthusiastic 
were  the  Pan-Hellenic  pioneers  and  how  much  might  have  been 
accomplished  had  the  work  continued  without  interruption. 
The  probable  reason  for  the  failure  of  a  movement  so  auspici- 
ously begun  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  there  was  no  city  at 
which  representatives  from  all  the  sororities  could  meet  con- 
veniently. Though  the  value  of  the  work  accomplished  ap- 
pealed to  all,  the  expense  incidental  to  providing  entertainment 
for  the  official  delegates  during  such  a  session  probably  deterred 
other  sororities  from  extending  a  like  invitation. 


The  Congress  of  Fraternities. 

Beginning  in  the  Spring  of  1892,  representatives  appointed 
by  all  the  sororities  and  a  large  number  of  the  fraternities 
held  monthly  meetings  in  Chicago  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
space  and  arranging  a  fraternity  exhibit  at  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition  of  1893.  All  the  sororities  were  heartily 
in  favor  of  the  idea,  but  as  only  half  of  the  fraternities  took  any 
active  interest  in  the  matter,  the  unique  and  interesting  plan 
of  the  Pan-Hellenic  Committee  had  to  be  abandoned.  A 
fraternity  congress  was  substituted  with  one  half  day  given  to 
the  fraternities,  another  half  day  to  the  Greek  Press  and  a  third 
half  day  to  the  sororities.  Although  the  meetings  themselves 
were  most  inspiring  and  hundreds  of  fraternity  members  were 
present  at  the  social  gatherings,  little  of  real  or  permanent  value 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  39 

was  accomplished,  though  for  some  months  afterwards  the 
different  magazines  gave  considerable  space  to  the  discussion 
of  the  advantages  of  Pan-Hellenism.  The  time,  however,  was 
not  yet  ripe  for  any  concerted  action  and  the  matter  languished 
after  the  first  flush  of  enthusiasm  had  passed. 


The  Inter=Sorority  Conferences. 

It  was  to  Mrs.  Margaret  Mason  Whitney,  Michigan,  '95-'97, 
Grand  President  of  Alpha  Phi,  1900-'02,  that  the  inspiration 
came  to  reopen  the  agitation  for  a  saner  dealing  with  the  prob- 
lem of  rushing.  As  a  result  of  her  correspondence  with  the 
presidents  of  six  other  leading  sororities,  it  was  learned  that  the 
grand  presidents  of  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  and  Delta  Delta 
Delta  had  been  conferring  upon  this  very  subject  and  that  the 
Chicago  Alumnae  of  Kappa  Alpha  Theta  had  placed  a  petition 
before  its  grand  council  asking  that  the  sororities  be  invited  to 
consider  some  means  of  reforming  in  rushing.  With  such  a 
general  sentiment  in  favor  of  correcting  evils  and  securing  hearty 
cooperation  along  various  lines  of  endeavor,  Mrs.  Whitney 
was  encouraged  to  call  the  first  Inter-Sorority  Conference, 
which  met  in  Chicago,  May  24,  1902,  and  which  was  the  be- 
ginning of  annual  meetings  presided  over  by  each  sorority  in 
turn  in  the  order  of  founding. 

The  first  Inter-Sorority  Conference,  composed  of  dele- 
gates from  Pi  Beta  Phi,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  Kappa  Kap- 
pa Gamma,  Alpha  Phi,  Delta  Gamma,  Gamma  Phi  Beta 
and  Delta  Delta  Delta,  tried  to  establish  a  basis  for  future 


38  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

A  careful  reading  of  the  report  of  that  first  intersorority 
convention,  which  is  given  verbatim  in  practically  all  sorority 
magazines  of  that  time,  will  show  how  earnest  and  enthusiastic 
were  the  Pan-Hellenic  pioneers  and  how  much  might  have  been 
accomplished  had  the  work  continued  without  interruption. 
The  probable  reason  for  the  failure  of  a  movement  so  auspici- 
ously begun  may  be  found  in  the  fact  that  there  was  no  city  at 
which  representatives  from  all  the  sororities  could  meet  con- 
veniently. Though  the  value  of  the  work  accomplished  ap- 
pealed to  all,  the  expense  incidental  to  providing  entertainment 
for  the  official  delegates  during  such  a  session  probably  deterred 
other  sororities  from  extending  a  like  invitation. 


The  Congress  of  Fraternities. 

Beginning  in  the  Spring  of  1892,  representatives  appointed 
by  all  the  sororities  and  a  large  number  of  the  fraternities 
held  monthly  meetings  in  Chicago  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
space  and  arranging  a  fraternity  exhibit  at  the  World's  Co- 
lumbian Exposition  of  1893.  All  the  sororities  were  heartily 
in  favor  of  the  idea,  but  as  only  half  of  the  fraternities  took  any 
active  interest  in  the  matter,  the  unique  and  interesting  plan 
of  the  Pan-Hellenic  Committee  had  to  be  abandoned.  A 
fraternity  congress  was  substituted  with  one  half  day  given  to 
the  fraternities,  another  half  day  to  the  Greek  Press  and  a  third 
half  day  to  the  sororities.  Although  the  meetings  themselves 
were  most  inspiring  and  hundreds  of  fraternity  members  were 
present  at  the  social  gatherings,  little  of  real  or  permanent  value 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  39 

was  accomplished,  though  for  some  months  afterwards  the 
different  magazines  gave  considerable  space  to  the  discussion 
of  the  advantages  of  Pan-Hellenism.  The  time,  however,  was 
not  yet  ripe  for  any  concerted  action  and  the  matter  languished 
after  the  first  flush  of  enthusiasm  had  passed. 


The  Inter=Sorority  Conferences. 

It  was  to  Mrs.  Margaret  Mason  Whitney,  Michigan,  '95-'97, 
Grand  President  of  Alpha  Phi,  1900-'02,  that  the  inspiration 
came  to  reopen  the  agitation  for  a  saner  dealing  with  the  prob- 
lem of  rushing.  As  a  result  of  her  correspondence  with  the 
presidents  of  six  other  leading  sororities,  it  was  learned  that  the 
grand  presidents  of  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  and  Delta  Delta 
Delta  had  been  conferring  upon  this  very  subject  and  that  the 
Chicago  Alumnae  of  Kappa  Alpha  Theta  had  placed  a  petition 
before  its  grand  council  asking  that  the  sororities  be  invited  to 
consider  some  means  of  reforming  in  rushing.  With  such  a 
general  sentiment  in  favor  of  correcting  evils  and  securing  hearty 
cooperation  along  various  lines  of  endeavor,  Mrs.  Whitney 
was  encouraged  to  call  the  first  Inter-Sorority  Conference, 
which  met  in  Chicago,  May  24,  1902,  and  which  was  the  be- 
ginning of  annual  meetings  presided  over  by  each  sorority  in 
turn  in  the  order  of  founding. 

The  first  Inter-Sorority  Conference,  composed  of  dele- 
gates from  Pi  Beta  Phi,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  Kappa  Kap- 
pa Gamma,  Alpha  Phi,  Delta  Gamma,  Gamma  Phi  Beta 
and  Delta  Delta  Delta,  tried  to  establish  a  basis  for  future 


40  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

operations  by  submitting  a  set  of  motions  of  which  it  ap- 
proved to  the  different  sororities  represented  in  the  Con- 
ference. Although  the  meeting  did  not  result  in  any  inter- 
sorority  compact,  since  all  the  sororities  were  not  unanimously 
in  favor  of  the  recommendations  submitted,  yet  much  advance 
was  made  in  providing  for  annual  conferences. 

The  Conference  of  1903  admitted  Alpha  Chi  Omega  and 
Chi  Omega.  It  suggested  the  formation  of  Pan-Hellenic 
Associations  at  every  college  where  two  or  more  national 
sororities  existed  and  urged  sorority  girls  to  take  an  active 
part  in  such  college  organizations  as  were  intended  for  the  good 
of  all.  Of  four  recommendations  submitted  to  the  sororities, 
two  were  unanimously  accepted  during  the  succeeding  year 
and  so  the  first  definite  gain  was  made  in  an  agreement  not  to 
pledge  prior  to  matriculation. 

The  Conference  of  1904  admitted  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  decided 
upon  the  order  of  rotation  in  office,  and  voted  to  admit  Sigma 
Kappa  upon  her  acceptance  of  conference  rulings.  It  also  de- 
fined the  purpose  of  the  Pan-Hellenics  and  directed  the  sororities 
to  insist  that  these  organizations  should  not  merely  promote 
good  feeling  and  social  intercourse,  but  that  they  should  make 
earnest  efforts  to  improve  standards  and  remove  evils.  The 
conference  also  took  up  the  problem  of  social  service,  recom- 
mended the  establishment  of  Women's  Leagues,  made  prepara- 
tions to  form  a  Bureau  of  Comparative  Legislation  and  raised 
the  question  of  the  advisability  of  asking  that  Deans  of  Women 
be  appointed  in  all  coeducational  colleges. 

The  conference  of  1905  admitted  Alpha  Omicron  Pi  and 
defined  a  national  sorority  as  one  having  at  least  five  chapters, 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  41 

all  at  institutions  of  collegiate  rank.  In  addition  to  the  great 
advance  made  by  the  Conference  in  adopting  tentatively  a 
constitution  and  thus  determining  its  own  powers,  it  provided 
for  the  drafting  of  a  model  constitution  for  Women's  Leagues. 

The  Conference  of  1906  remodelled  the  constitution  of  1905, 
which  had  failed  to  pass  two  Grand  Presidents.  It  showed 
renewed  interest  and  activity  in  furthering  the  social  service 
work  and  a  desire  to  cooperate  with  Deans  of  Women  in  the 
amelioration  of  social  evils.  To  secure  greater  unity  in  the 
Pan-Hellenic  work  of  the  colleges,  a  model  constitution  for 
Pan-Hellenics  was  approved  and  ordered  printed  for  distribu- 
tion and  arrangements  made  to  intensify  the  interest  through 
the  efforts  of  the  visiting  delegates.  High  school  sororities 
were  condemned  and  the  conference  put  itself  on  record  as 
proposing  to  use  all  its  influence  to  have  them  discountenanced. 
An  investigation  of  the  laws  of  each  state  concerning  the  mak- 
ing and  wearing  of  badges  by  unauthorized  persons  was  in- 
stituted. 

The  Conference  of  1907  reported  marked  progress  along  the 
line  of  social  service  and  in  the  work  of  the  local  Pan-Hellenics, 
laid  special  stress  upon  the  need  of  securing  the  cooperation  of 
alumnae  and  put  itself  on  record  as  favoring  a  late  pledge  day, 
preferably  in  the  sophomore  year. 

The  Conference  of  1908  again  made  an  urgent  plea  for  the 
sophomore  pledge  day  and  for  definite  scholarship  attainment 
as  a  qualification  for  sorority  membership.  It  suggested  the 
organization  of  resident  alumnae  in  the  case  of  every  college 
and  changed  the  Conference  name  to  that  of  National  Pan- 
Hellenic   Conference.      By   unanimous   vote   of   the   sorority 


42  The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System. 

grand  presidents  during  the  year  following  Zeta  Tau  Alpha  and 
Alpha  Gamma  Delta  were  admitted  to  the  Conference. 

There  is  practically  no  limit  to  the  valuable  results  that 
may  be  attained  through  these  annual  conferences.  The 
regulation  of  the  evils  incidental  to  rushing,  though  of  the 
highest  importance  in  its  salutary  effect  upon  general  sorority 
standards,  is  yet  but  a  small  part  of  the  work  that  may  be  done. 
To  understand  something  of  the  possibilities  of  the  National 
Pan-Hellenic  Conference,  one  need  only  realize  that  the  ex- 
collegio  members  of  the  sororities  number  35,000  and  that  the 
Conference  literature  reaches  at  least  one-third  of  these  through 
the  various  sorority  magazines.  The  active  membership  of 
5,000  is  even  more  vitally  affected  and  each  Fall  2,500  new 
initiates  are  brought  into  touch  with  every  movement  that 
receives  the  sanction  of  the  Conference.  Except  to  a  very 
limited  degree,  the  college  woman  has  been  unable  to  have  any 
marked  influence  upon  the  college  after  graduation.  Dur- 
ing her  student  days  she  has  been  obliged  to  follow  the  lines 
laid  down  for  her  brother,  and  if  life's  experience  has  shown 
her  that  college  courses  should  be  adapted  more  peculiarly 
to  her  own  needs,  she  has  had  little  or  no  opportunity  to  say 
so.  Her  ideas  on  this  point,  unexpressed  except  to  a  very  few, 
have  had  little  weight.  The  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae, 
to  be  sure,  has  determined  certain  important  facts  relative  to 
the  higher  education  of  women,  but  its  work  has  been  ham- 
pered by  the  small,  restricted,  scattered  membership.  It  lacks, 
moreover,  the  vivifying  touch  that  comes  only  with  actual  co- 
operation with  the  undergraduate  body  of  college  girls.  The 
National  Pan-Hellenic  Conference  is  the  only  organization  that 


The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System.  43 


can  bridge  the  chasm  between  college  theories  and  life's  realities. 
Thus  far  it  has  confined  most  of  its  efforts  to  improving  social 
conditions.  The  larger  opportunity  of  making  the  college 
course  a  more  vital  force  in  the  lives  of  college  women  is  still 
before  it. 


44  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 


, 


CHAPTER  III. 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 


To  determine  whether  the  existence  of  the  sorority  as  a 
factor  in  college  life  has  been  justified,  it  is  necessary  to  under- 
stand what  combination  of  circumstances  called  it  into  being, 
what  it  has  to  its  credit  in  the  line  of  accomplishment,  and  what 
it  is  doing  at  the  present  time  to  warrant  its  continuance. 
Begun  as  an  experiment  at  Elmira  half  a  century  ago,  and 
copied  at  Wellesley  and  Smith  shortly  after  these  institutions 
were  opened,  the  Greek-Letter  Society  at  the  independent  col- 
leges for  women  seems  to  have  been  established  with  the  full 
sanction  of  the  faculty,  in  the  hope  that  it  might  serve  to  unite 
in  a  common  interest  the  most  prominent  members  of  the 
student  body.  In  the  days  when  the  elective  system  was  un- 
known, the  lines  of  demarcation  between  the  different  classes 
were  very  clearly  defined,  and  these  distinctions  were  not 
always  conducive  to  the  development  of  a  proper  college  spirit. 
By  forming  a  nucleus  around  which  should  cluster  some  of  the 
most  precious  associations  of  college  life,  the  administration 
hoped  to  foster  a  strong  esprit  de  corps.  Except  to  a  very 
few  of  the  students  this  raison  d'etre  would  scarcely  appeal. 
To  the  majority  of  women  in  college  thirty  years  ago,  when  so 
much  stress  was  laid  upon  Latin,  Greek  and  Mathematics,  the 
societies,  by  copying  the  methods  of  the  popular  lyceum,  of- 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  45 

fered  a  much-prized  opportunity  for  the  study  of  the  mas- 
terpieces of  modern  literature  and  for  the  discussion  of  questions 
of  permanent  or  passing  interest.  Since  the  development  of 
a  strong  college  spirit  was  the  desideratum  in  the  formation  of 
the  societies,  the  originators  gave  little  heed  to  the  possibilities 
that  these  organizations  afforded  for  the  cementing  of  college 
friendships.  It  is  rare  indeed  to  find  among  their  members  the 
close  bond  of  sympathy  so  characteristic  of  the  national  so- 
rorities, in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  two  are  practically  alike  as 
far  as  secrecy  is  concerned. 

In  those  colleges,  however,  where  the  administration 
had  decided  upon  coeducation,  and  where  the  men  students 
were  often  openly  hostile  to  the  movement  to  admit  women, 
the  Greek-Letter  Society  among  the  girls,  even  when  founded 
at  faculty  suggestion,  not  infrequently  took  on  the  nature  of  a 
protective  league  through  which  the  members  endeavored  by 
united  action  to  secure  recognition  for  themselves  as  a  vital 
part  of  college  life.  Misunderstood  in  the  classroom,  shut  out 
from  participation  in  the  literary  and  debating  societies  or- 
ganized by  the  men,  unrecognized  in  the  social  life  that  crys- 
tallized around  the  fraternities,  the  few  who  were  courageous 
enough  to  brave  outspoken  ridicule  or  veiled  slur  were  sadly  in 
need  of  the  moral  support  that  the  sorority  could  give.  From 
the  close  communion  of  heart  and  soul  in  those  days  of  trial 
sprang  the  impulse  to  form  a  sisterhood  that  should  be  a  potent 
factor  during  the  college  course  and  which,  at  the  same  time, 
should  lay  the  foundation  for  life-long  friendships. 

Just  how  much  the  sorority  did  for  the  first  generation 
of  college  girls  in  making  their  position  secure  and  in  demon- 


46  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

strating  their  right  to  educational  privileges  equal  to  those 
enjoyed  by  their  brothers  is  not  perhaps  to  be  found  in  records, 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Greek-Letter  Society 
rendered  valuable  service  to  the  cause  of  higher  education  by 
encouraging  members  to  complete  their  college  course  and  by 
influencing  them  to  interest  other  girls  in  what  was  for  years  an 
experiment,  nay  more,  an  experiment  that  met  with  slight  favor 
and  scanty  support  from  the  general  public.  That  the  sorority 
did  cement  friendships  there  is  ample  evidence  to  prove,  for  the 
earliest  issues  of  the  sorority  magazines  are  filled  with  the 
testimony  of  those  who  gladly  bore  witness  to  the  enrichment  of 
their  lives  through  the  wealth  of  sympathetic  interest  such 
friendships  had  bestowed.\jOnly  those  who  have  been  blessed 
with  true  friendships  can  understand  how  very  barren  and 
spiritless  life  would  be  without  the  stimulus  and  zest  they  givej 
To  be  trusted,  to  be  appreciated,  to  be  loved,  makes  possible 
the  practically  impossible,  renders  the  joy  of  success  more  keen, 
the  sting  of  sorrow  less  poignant. 

It  was  not,  however,  in  these  two  important  particulars 
alone  that  the  sorority  of  the  seventies  rendered  peculiar 
and  efficient  service.  If  there  was  any  element  of  danger  in 
the  higher  education  of  women  in  the  early  days,  it  lay  in  the 
fact  that  the  pioneers  were  inclined  to  take  themselves  and 
their  work  too  seriously,  to  see  life  in  a  false  perspective  under 
the  influence  of  unusual  conditions.  From  the  peril  of  such 
erroneous  ideas  as  might  have  been  engendered  by  the  impress 
of  new  and  peculiar  circumstances,  many  a  girl  was  rescued  by 
her  sorority.  As  one  of  a  crowd  she  lost  self-consciousness. 
Within  the  chapter  group  the  tension  was  relaxed  and  normal 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  47 

conditions  prevailed.  Here  with  friends  she  need  not  he  on 
parade.  She  could  be  what  she  really  was,  an  essentially 
feminine  woman,  with  wide  outlook  and  large  ambitions  to  be 
sure,  but  no  phenomenon  as  the  general  public  insisted  upon 
regarding  herr«5i-IThe  simple  wholesome  social  life  that  the 
sorority  made  a  possibility  was  conducive  to  naturalness, 
feminine  charm  and  womanly  dignity .-*p*-For  the  first  generation 
of  college  girls  the  sorority  was  primarily  a  humanizing  agency. 
Although,  except  in  a  few  rare  cases,  the  day  for  the  sorority 
as  a  protective  league  is  long  since  past,  its  importance  as  a 
prominent  factor  in  the  college  life  of  today  is  even  greater  than 
ever,  for  it  touches  vitally  the  lives  of  hundreds  where  once  it 
touched  a  score.  Indispensable  as  it  still  is  infostering  frieud- 
ships  during  the  years  when  a  college  girl  is  peculiarly  in  need 
of  the  close  companionship  of  those  who  will  treat  her  with  a 
mixture  of  charity  and  frank  criticism,  there  are  yet  other  im- 
portant services  that  the  sorority  renders  its  members.  In 
these  days  when  it  is  no  unusual  thing  for  a  girl  to  go  to  college, 
the  young  matriculate  is  in  no  immediate  danger  of  considering 
herself  a  rara  avis  or  of  developing  eccentricities  of  dress  or 
manner.  If  there  is  any  risk  run  it  will  certainly  not  be  along 
the  line  of  becoming  strong-minded,  of  having  advanced  ideas, 
of  promulgating  pronounced  views.  Rather  will  she  be  lost  in 
the  crowd.  Today  in  the  great  throngs  attending  our  popular 
colleges,  amid  the  complexity  of  academic  life,  there  can  not  be 
the  opportunity  for  the  development  of  individuality,  so  marked 
a  feature  of  that  earlier  period  when  the  personal  relation 
between  faculty  and  students  was  noticeably  strong.  Person- 
ality is  a  tremendous  force  in  the  development  of  personality, 


48  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

but  modern  exigencies  and  modern  methods  have  built  up  ba 
riers  between  professor  and  student.     Perhaps,  too,  since  the 
problem  of  the  higher  education  of  women  has  in  a  measure  been 
satisfactorily    solved,    the  modern  educator  is  no  longer  so 
interested  in  the  annual  solution  as  it  applies  to  individual  cases. 
There  is,  without  doubt,  another  reason  why  the  college 
has  failed,  as  has  been  claimed  with  some  measure  of  justice, 
to  do  more  to  develop  that  very  essential  quality  known  as  the 
creative  faculty.     Not  to  be  identical,  but  to  be  individual,  not 
to  imitate,  but  to  create,  not  to  follow,  but  to  lead,  betokens  the 
master  mind;  yet  all  education,  in  its  endeavors  to  make  the 
individual  conform  to  a  definite  standard,  tends  to  stifle  origi- 
nality, to  put  a  check  upon  independent  thought.     Up  to  a 
certain  point  this  is  a  very  wise  arrangement,  for  too  much 
liberty  will  result  in  license.     In  the  case  of  the  elementary 
education,  which  trains  the  masses  and  prepares  primarily  for 
apprenticeship,  it  is  necessary  to  inculcate  obedience,  to  demand 
subjection  to  law,  to  insist  upon  the  closest  attention  to  detail, 
for  upon  these  fundamentals  depends  the  youth's  success  in 
such  work  as  he  may  be  called  upon  to  do.     In  the  case  of  the 
secondary  education,  however,  which  trains  the  classes  and 
prepares  incidentally  for  skilled  workmanship,  sufficient  latitude 
should  be  allowed  for  the  expression  of  individual  taste  and 
talent.     In  the  case  of  the  college  education,  which  trains  only 
the  elect  and  which  should  prepare  preeminently  for  leadership, 
the  dominant  thought  should  be  the  development  of  individu- 
ality.       The  college  in  preparing  its  students  for  intellectual 
and  spiritual  leadership  must  furnish  a  broad,  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, and  must  train  specifically  the  intellect,  the  heart,  the  will, 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  49 

the  taste,  the  conscience.  All  this  the  college  does,  but  more 
is  needed.  Abstract  studies,  invaluable  as  they  are  for  mental 
training,  lead  to  theorizing.  Theory  is  not  practice.  In  great 
as  in  small  things  man  learns  by  doing.  If  a  man  is  to  be  a 
great  leader,  he  must  lead  first  in  small  ventures,  then  in  sizable 
undertakings,  finally  in  great  enterprises.  He  must  serve  his 
apprenticeship. 

In  the  big  classes,  in  the  large  literary  societies,  in  the 
great  student  leagues  of  our  famous  universities,  there  is 
opportunity  for  only  a  very  few  to  rise  above  their  college 
mates.  The  many  are  submerged  in  the  ocean  of  mediocrity. 
To  follow,  not  to  lead,  must  be  their  portion.  It  is  just  here  that ' 
the  sorority  is  in  a  position  to  supplement  the  work  of  the 
college  in  its  endeavors  to  prepare  for  leadership  by  presenting 
opportunities  for  apprenticeship  such  as  the  college  of  itself 
is  unable  to  give  save  in  limited  degree.  To  understand  the 
peculiar  fitness  of  the  sorority  for  this  work  it  is  necessary  to 
consider  the  essential  qualities  of  a  leader.  Whether  leadership 
is  to  be  in  small  ventures  or  great  enterprises,  the  prime  essen- 
tials are  the  same.  Most  important  of  all  is  self-confidence. 
This  fundamental  requisite  of  success  in  any  undertaking 
must  not  be  confounded  with  that  most  undesirable  attribute, 
self-conceit,  which  has  its  roots  in  vanity.  Rather  is  it  the 
self-knowledge  which  lies  at  the  foundation  of  self-respect. 
Self-confidence  begets  enthusiasm,  enthusiasm  to  inspire.  Self- 
confidence  begets  courage,  courage  to  dare.  Self-confidence 
begets  strength,  strength  to  fulfill.  Without  an  enthusiastic 
interest  in  the  thing  to  be  accomplished,  without  the  courage 
resulting  from  a  consciousness  of  power    without  an  abiding 


50  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

faith  in  the  ability  to  carry  any  undertaking  to  completion, 
leadership  is  impossible.  By  taking  its  members  out  of  the 
crowd  and  making  each  a  distinct  unit  in  a  small  group,  the  sor- 
ority is  able  to  foster  individuality.  By  providing  every  initiate 
with  innumerable  opportunities  for  all  sorts  of  service  and  for 
all  kinds  of  experience,  first  in  the  simple  work  of  the  chapter 
and  later  in  the  larger  effort  of  the  national  organization,  the 
sorority  is  particularly  well  qualified  to  lay  a  strong  foundation 
(  for  the  growth  of  self-confidence. 

According  to  the  popular  idea  self-confidence  is  the  only 
requisite  for  leadership,  but  he  who  would  be  master  over  others 
must  first  be  master  over  himself.  Self-control  is  likewise 
indispensible.  Self-control  implies  perfect  insight,  the  ability 
to  see  the  end  from  the  beginning.  Self-control  implies  perfect 
adjustment  to  kindred  forces.  Self-control  implies  perfect 
obedience  to  perfect  law.  Self-confidence  alone  may  of  itself 
secure  leadership,  but  it  will  be  the  leadership  of  the  demagogue. 
Without  the  penetration  that  insures  a  grasp  of  the  situation, 
without  the  disposition  to  recognize  the  rights  of  others,  without 
the  desire  to  obey  the  dictates  of  conscience,  there  can  be  no 
Useful,  effective  leadership.  By  keeping  ever  before  its  mem- 
bers a  very  definite  aim,  by  demanding  of  each  individual  a  due 
consideration^for  the  rights  of  every  other,  not  only'of  her  own 
chapter  but  of  the  entire  organization,  by  expecting  obedience 
to  the  tenets  of  the  order,  the  sorority  exerts  a  very  wholesome 
^discipline  that  argues  well  for  the  growth  of  self-control. 

Leadership  that  depends  for  preeminence  upon  self-con- 
fidence alone  will  be  at  best  transitory.  If  it  brings  material 
rewards,  they  will  be  attended  by  dishonor.     Leadership  that 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  51 

has  both  self-confidence  and-  self-control  as  basic  principles 
will  be  lasting,  will  win  rewards,  will  be  productive  of  honor. 
Such  leadership  means  worldly  success  and  meets  with  popular 
approval.  To  understand,  however,  whether  such  is  the  high- 
est form  of  leadership,  we  need  only  to  turn  to  the  life  of  the 
great  Examplar.  He  is  the  Light,  the  Truth,  the  Way.  As 
the  Son  of  God  He  was  conscious  of  His  power.  The  miracles 
He  performed  testify  to  His  confidence  in  Himself.  Though 
all  power  was  given  to  Him  in  heaven  and  earth,  yet  did  He  ex- 
ercise self-control.  Under  sore  temptation  He  did  not  yield. 
Yet  this  was  not  all.  His  incarnation  was  not  primarily  for 
the  purpose  of  performing  miracles  or  of  teaching  self-control. 
Christ's  message  to  the  world  was  the  beauty  of  service,  the 
sacredness  of  leadership.  There  were  many  tones  in  that 
harmonious  Life,  but  the  key-note  was  self-sacrifice.  Self- 
sacrifice  recognizes  the  need  for  responsibility.  Self-sacrifice 
recognizes  the  need  for  patience.  Self-sacrifice  recognizes 
the  need  for  sympathy.  By  insisting  that  every  privi- 
lege brings  with  it  a  corresponding  responsibility,  by  urging 
always  the  great  importance  of  patience  in  dealing  with  the 
problems  in  one's  own  life  or  that  of  any  other,  by  making  love 
the  mainspring  in  every  line  of  endeavor  that  the  order  under- 
takes, the  sorority  becomes  one  of  life's  great  forces  in  teaching 
the  beauty  of  self-sacrifice.  Leadership  under  the  spell  of  this 
great  power  must  be  magnetic.  Self-confidence,  then,  is  crea- 
tive, self-control  restrictive,  self-sacrifice  persuasive.  Leadership 
that  possesses  all  three  qualities  cannot  fail  to  bring  success 
with  honor  and  peace.  Such  is  the  education  that  the  college 
is  pledged  to  give,  but  the  college  has  its  limitations.     By 


52  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

emphasizing  and  developing  all  these  requisites  for  leadership, 
by  providing  innumerable  opportunities  for  the  practical  ap- 
plication of  the  same,  the  sorority  is  supplementing  the  work  of 
the  college  and  rendering  a  special  service  to  society.  In  thus 
enhancing  the  value  of  academic  training,  the  sorority  makes 
the  college  a  much  more  vital  force  in  the  life  of  the  student  than 
it  could  otherwise  be.  The  fine  college  spirit  that  is  an  out- 
growth of  this  increased  interest  leads  the  sorority  girl  to  advo- 
cate college  residence.  This,  though  in  no  sense  a  definite 
aim  that  the  sorority  has  placed  before  itself,  means  much  for 
the  cause  of  higher  education.  The  benefit  that  comes  to  the 
college  from  an  increased  matriculation,  from  a  student  body 
fired  with  the  torch  of  ideality,  from  a  roll  of  alumnae  whose 
names  are  synonymous  with  honorable  accomplishment  is,  in 
no  small  part,  a  result  of  the  existence  of  the  sorority. 

Although  the  work  done  in  preparation  for  leadership 
is  perhaps  the  most  important  within  the  scope  of  the  sorority, 
it  is  far  from  being  the  only  benefit  that  the  members  receive. 
Very  valuable,  indeed,  is  the  business  training  that  comes 
during  association  with  the  chapter  in  undergraduate  days  or 
from  service  in  the  national  organization  after  the  college 
course  is  ended.  Some  college  women  have  a  natural  aptitude 
for  business,  some,  especially  those  who  work  their  way  through, 
understand  the  value  of  a  dollar,  but  the  average  college  girl, 
whose  every  bill  is  paid  by  an  indulgent  father,  whose  every 
whim  is  gratified  by  an  adoring  mother,  has  very  hazy  ideas  on 
the  subject  of  finance.  Such  a  one,  if  she  becomes  a  teacher, 
will  very  likely  expect  to  have  her  income  supplemented  by 
generous  checks  from  home,  while,  if  she  should  preside  over  a 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  53 

home  of  her  own,  she  will  expect,  from  past  experience,  to  find 
credit  unlimited.  No  woman  who  may  be  thrown  upon  her 
own  resources — and  what  woman  may  not? — should  enter 
upon  the  third  decade  of  her  life  without  a  pretty  fair  knowledge 
of  the  ordinary  methods  of  transacting  business.  Yet,  how  very 
few  women  ever  do  acquire  this  knowledge.  To  have  a  stated 
chapter  income,  to  decide  just  how  it  must  be  apportioned  for 
rent  or  taxes,  for  furnishing  or  repairs,  for  food,  heat,  light  and 
entertainment,  is  always  valuable  experience.  To  place 
mortgages,  to  negotiate  loans,  to  understand  building  laws,  to 
handle  and  invest  large  sums  of  money  such  as  the  national 
sororities  annually  receive,  is  as  important  a  training  for  a 
woman  as  for  a  man.  If  wage-earner  or  inheritrix  she  will 
have  money  to  invest.  As  wife  and  mother  she  will  handle 
funds  in  trust. 

Another  opportunity  that  the  sorority  opens  to  its  members 
because  of  their  affiliation  with  a  large  organization  is  the  chance 
it  gives  them  through  correspondence,  fraternity  publications 
and  conventions  to  get  a  wide  outlook  over  the  entire  field 
of  collegiate  education.  Though  one  of  a  group  small  enough  to 
admit  of  the  growth  of  the  individual,  each  is  also  one  of  a 
mighty  throng  capable  of  accomplishing  much  through  con- 
certed action.  Provincialism  is  thus  made  impossible  even  in 
the  small  college.  The  inspiration  that  has  come  to  many  a 
small  college  to  broaden  its  student  life  has  been  the  direct 
result  of  the  contact  of  its  undergraduates  with  those  of  some 
large  university.  The  awakening  of  many  a  large  university 
to  the  need  of  deepening  its  student  life  has  come  through  the 
magnetic  influence  given  to  its  undergraduates  by  those  of  some 


54  The  Mission  op  the  Sorority. 

small  college.  *"^The  important  part  that  the  sorority  is  playing 
in  developing  a  national  type  of  cultured  womanhood  is  another 
phase  of  the  work  it  is  doing  for  society  and  one  for  which  it 
takes  little  credit  to  itself.  A  cultured  woman  is  always  an 
honor  to  the  land  of  her  birth,  but  a  cultured  woman  with  lofty 
ideals  and  noble  principles  is  a  lustrous  jewel  in  the  nation's 
crown.  Such  a  one  is  the  sorority  girl.  The  badge  she  wears 
upon  her  breast  is  a  constant  reminder  to  her  that  she  has 
pledged  both  heart  and  hand  to  honor  and  truth,  that  she  has 
set  her  face  to  the  light,  never  to  turn  back.  "-> 

Whenever  college  authorities  opposed  to  sororities  are 
prevailed  upon  to  state  their  objections,  it  is  always  on  the 
ground  that  fraternities  create  cliques.  Instead  of  being  an 
undesirable  thing,  as  many  pessimists  would  have  us  believe, 
the  clique,  as  established  by  the  sorority,  is  a  most  salutary 
arrangement  for  grouping  college  girls  into  congenial  coteries. 
Promiscuous  friendships,  though  democratic,  are  dangerous. 
A  woman  should  have  large  ideals  and  generous  sympathies 
but  she  should  concentrate  her  affections  upon  a  few.  Her 
il  friendships  should  be  not  numerous  and  shallow,  but  limited 
and  deep.  The  harmony  resulting  from  the  union  of  a  few  with 
common  interests  bears  rich  fruit  later  when  college  women  in 
any  locality  unite  for  effective  work  along  any  line.  The  so- 
rority trains  its  members  for  organized  effort,  for  lofty  aims, 
for  conservation  of  force. 

Furthermore,  in  taking  a  girl  out  of  the  crowd  and  making 
her  a  permanent  member  of  a  small  group,  the  sorority  is 
rendering  her  an  inestimable  service.  It  is  providing  her 
during  her  college  course  with  family  affiliations  and  with  the 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  55 

essential  elements  of  a  home, — sympathetic  interest,  wise  super- 
vision, disinterested  advice.  Incidentally  society  itself  is 
benefited.  — The  corner  stone  of  the  social  structure  is  the 
family,  and  it  is  not  altogether  wise  that  college  girls,  or  college 
boys  for  that  matter,  should  cut  loose  from  youth's  anchorage 
and  drift  far  from  home  moorings  during  four  long  years.  There 
is  a  danger,  and  a  very  grave  danger,  that  four  years'  residence 
in  a  dormitory  will  tend  to  destroy  right  ideals  of  home  life 
and  substitute  in  their  stead  a  belief  in  the  freedom  that  comes 
from  community  living.  It  is  in  recognition  of  this  fact  that 
some  of  the  large  colleges  for  women  have  adopted  as  far  as 
possible  the  cottage  system  of  housing  students.  Culture, 
broad,  liberalizing,  humanizing  culture,  we  cannot  get  too  much 
of  unless  while  acquiring  it  we  are  weaned  from  home  and 
friends,  from  ties  of  blood  and  kindred.  If  there  is  a  tendency 
of  modern  times  more  to  be  deplored  than  any  other,  it  is  the 
disposition  on  the  part  of  the  younger  generation  to  shirk  the 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  home  life.  Dangerous  as  this 
tendency  is,  it  will  be  doubly  so,  if  college  graduates  are  to  be  in- 
oculated with  the  virus.  To  them  as  its  most  finished  product 
society  looks  for  leadership.  Yet  an  exceedingly  large  number 
of  students,  while  in  pursuit  of  the  very  culture  which  can  add 
so  much  enrichment  to  the  simplest  home,  are  forced  to  forego 
the  influences  that  experience  has  proved  most  potent  in  the 
right  adjustment  of  social  conditions.  Deep  and  lasting  are 
college  impressions,  for  the  mind,  no  longer  plastic,  is  moulded 
into  its  final  form.  Precious  indeed  are  those  that  inspire 
to  right  ideals  of  life  and  thought,  perilous  any  that  would 
substitute  new  ideas  for  old  ideals.     The  sorority  through  the 


56  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

chapter  house  emphasizes  the  advantage  of  home  life  over  dor- 
mitory residence.  Through  the  chapter  organization  it  keeps 
ever  before  its  members  the  imperative  need  of  living  together 
in  harmony,  of  assuming  and  sharing  responsibilities,  of  so 
ordering  one's  life  that  every  act  shall  reflect  only  honor.  The 
chapter,  like  the  family,  is  a  corporation,  which,  though  closely 
associated  or  affiliated  with  many  others,  has  still  within  itself 
a  very  distinct  and  separate  existence.  The  individual  mem- 
bers of  both  are  united  by  very  close  ties.  Both  continue  in- 
definitely and  their  position  in  society  depends  upon  the  indi- 
vidual part  that  each  member  plays.  Both  lay  many  respon- 
sibilities upon  their  members,  but  every  responsibility  has  its 
attendant  privilege.  So  closely  indeed  is  the  one  patterned 
after  the  other  that  it  is  not  difficult  to  see  that  the  sorority 
is  an  expression  of  the  college  girl's  belief  in  the  beauty  and 
power  of  the  home.  The  transition  from  dormitory  residence 
to  home  life  must  always  be  a  critical  time  for  any  girl.  Herein 
lies  the  reason  for  much  of  the  restlessness  on  the  part  of  those 
who  have  dwelt  in  dormitories  at  boarding  school  or  college. 
The  new  ideas  do  not  adjust  themselves  to  old  ideals.  It  is 
like  patching  homespun  with  silk  or  cloth  of  gold.  The  sorority, 
by  demanding  the  same  virtues  as  the  family,  makes  the  break 
between  home  and  college  and  later  between  college  and  home 
almost  imperceptible.  New  ideals  may  be  made  to  take  the 
place  of  old  ideas,  just  as  precious  stones  may  be  substituted  for 
paste  in  some  rare  old  setting,  or  as  an  artist  may  renew  the 
colors  in  some  old  masterpiece.  Any  organization  that  fosters 
love  of  home  should  be  encouraged,  for  from  the  home  as  the 
central  force  in  civilization  must  emanate  all  the  influences  that 
make  for  progress. 


The  Mission  of  the  Sorority.  57 

Whatever  the  line  of  service  to  which  she  may  consecrate 
herself,  the  sorority  girl  will  always  be  a  success.  She  cannot 
fail,  for  her  assets  largely  exceed  her  liabilities.  She  is,  to  be 
sure,  under  heavy  obligations  to  her  parents,  her  college  and  her 
sorority,  but  none  of  these  will  ever  press  for  payment.  They 
consider  their  investment  safe  as  long  as  her  name  is  a  synonym 
for  honor.  As  a  college  woman  she  will  adjust  herself  in  time 
to  any  position  in  which  she  finds  herself,  but  as  a  sorority  girl 
she  will  adjust  herself  quickly,  easily,  happily,  because,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  stores  of  knowledge  acquired  through  years  of  study 
and  always  available  for  pleasure  or  profit,  she  will  have  gained 
through  the  discipline  of  the  chapter  both  wisdom  and  under- 
standing. If  called  to  be  the  presiding  genius  of  a  home,  she 
will  be  ready,  since  she  is  a  college  woman,  to  contribute  of 
her  wealth  of  intellect  to  all  those  agencies  that  are  working 
for  the  betteremnt  of  social  conditions,  but  since  she  is  a  so- 
rority girl  her  appreciation  of  what  humanity  needs  will  be 
keener  and  truer,  her  judgment  concerning  means  and  methods 
to  be  employed  in  dealing  with  human  problems,  saner  and 
sounder.  If  not  needed  in  the  home  the  college  woman  will 
find  ample  opportunity  out  in  the  world  for  the  exercise  of  her 
various  talents.  Especially  will  there  be  an  urgent  call  for 
her  to  act  as  guide,  philosopher  and  friend  of  aspiring  youth, 
but  wiser  will  be  her  guidance,  more  practical  her  philosophy, 
more  potent  her  friendship  if  she  is  a  sorority  girl,  for  through 
association  with  the  different  members  of  her  chapter  she  has 
gained  a  knowledge  of  human  nature  such  as  can  come  only 
from  being  in  intimate  touch  with  many  lives  and  many  minds. 
To  sum  up,  in  the  case  of  the  second  generation  of  college  girls 


58  The  Mission  of  the  Sorority. 

the  sorority  is  essentially  an  individualizing  and  harmonizing 
agency. 

With  so  much  of  accomplishment  to  its  credit  in  the  past, 
with  so  much  more  to  be  done  in  the  present,  the  sorority  may 
look  forward  to  the  future  with  courage,  confident  that  its 
existence  in  the  college  fills  a  want  that  can  be  met  in  no  other 
or  better  way.  Ever  present  is  the  freshman  in  need  of  kindly 
counsel,  ever  present  the  upper  class  woman  in  need  of  the 
humanizing  and  vitalizing  touch  the  giving  of  disinterested 
advice  can  bestow.  Ever  present,  as  a  result  of  the  high  pres- 
sure demands  of  scholastic  work,  is  the  need  of  a  simple  social 
life  as  a  safety  valve,  ever  present  amid  the  multitudinous  dis- 
tractions of  university  life,  the  need  of  a  constant  inspiration 
to  fine  scholarship,  ever  present  at  all  times  the  need  of  supple- 
menting the  college  in  its  preparation  for  the  serious  work  of  life. 

The  sorority  of  itself,  in  what  it  stands  for,  and  in  what  it 
tries  to  do,  is  unimpeachable.  Individual  members  may  be 
guilty  occasionally  of  little  indiscretions,  but  lapses  of  this  kind 
will  be  fewer  as  the  years  go  on,  for  the  Visiting  Delegate,  by 
demanding  excellence  in  classroom  records,  by  insisting  on 
indications  of  a  proper  college  spirit  and  a  proper  chapter  pride, 
by  expecting  a  fine  regard  for  the  best  social  observancesr^by 
emphasizing  the  importance-o£-simplicity,  sincerity  and  sym- 
pathy on  the  part  of  the  members  in  their  relation  to  one  another 
and  to  other  college  women,  calls  the  chapter's  attention  to  the 
high  ideals  that  the  order  has  placed  before  itself,  and  inci- 
dentally paves  the  way  for  the  sorority  as  a  whole  to  be  highly 
respected  by  student  body  and  faculty.  The  sorority,  as  was 
most  natural  under  complex  conditions,  has  given  rise  to  some 


The  Mission  op  the  Sorority.  59 

problems,  but  such  as  are  at  all  serious  will  soon  no  longer  exist, 
for  the  Inter-Sorority  Conference  has  already  demonstrated 
its  ability  to  cope  with  them.  The  sorority  in  the  past  has  been 
the  cause  of  some  needless  anxiety  on  the  part  of  faculties,  but 
there  will  be  little  occasion  for  uneasiness  or  apprehension  in 
the  future,  because  faculties  generally  have  awakened  to  a 
realization  of  the  fact  that  the  organization  can  be  made  a 
most  invaluable  assistant  in  all  reforms,  experiments,  or  en- 
terprises that  the  administration  may  wish  to  undertake  and 
which  may  depend  for  their  ultimate  success  upon  the  hearty 
cooperation  of  the  student  body. 

The  sorority,  then,  by  reason  of  its  past  achievements, 
its  present  potentialities,  its  future  possibilities,  is  deserving  of 
a  very  royal  welcome  whenever  it  decides  to  enter  a  college  or 
university,  because  its  advent  means  that  a  number  of  students 
have  banded  together  and  pledged  themselves  to  work  un- 
falteringly and  unflaggingly  for  high  ideals,  for  noble  aims. 
The  tiny  jewel  that  sparkles  upon  the  breast  of  each  member  is 
an  outward  and  visible  sign  of  an  inward  and  spiritual  grace 
that  has  enthroned  itself  in  the  heart  and  will  be  content  with 
nothing  short  of  the  good,  the  true  and  the  beautiful. 


60  Literary  Sororities. 


LITERARY  SORORITIES. 

CLASS  A. 
Alpha  Chi  Omega. 

October  15,  1885. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  Edward  R.  Loud,  504  E.  Erie  St.,  Albion,  Mich. 
Vice-President,  Mrs.  Horace  M.  Kent,  82  W.  5th  St.,  Bayonne, 

N.J. 
Secretary,  Mrs.  Elmer  I.  Soule,  32  Ash  St.,  Detroit. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  Ralph  B.  Dennis,  720  Clark  St.,  Evanston,  111. 
Historian,  Mabel  Siller,  716  Clark  St.,  Evanston,  111. 
Inspector,  Mrs.  Richard  Tennant,  824  S.  5th  St.,  Terre-Haute, 

Ind. 
Editor,  Mrs.  Wm.  E.  Haseltine,  537  Watson  St.,  Ripon,  Wis. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Albion,  Allegheny,  Baker,  California,  Colorado,  DePauw, 
Illinois,  Michigan,  Nebraska,  New  England  Conservatory, 
Northwestern,  Simpson,  Southern  California,  Syracuse,  Wis- 
consin. 

Alpha  Chi  Omega  has  15  college  chapters  and    6    alumnae 
associations.       The    total     membership    is    1500,    the    active 


Literary  Sororities.  61 

membership  300,  the  average  initiation  150.  The  badge  is  a 
Greek  lyre  having  three  required  jewels  and  having  the  sorority 
letters  emblazoned  in  gold  on  a  scroll  of  black  enamel  extending 
across  the  strings.  The  pledge  pin  is  diamond-shaped,  of 
scarlet  enamel,  and  displays  a  gold  lyre.  The  flag  is  in  prepara- 
tion. 

Colors-Scarlet  and  Olive.  Flower-Scarlet  Carnation  with 
Smilax.  Tree-Holly.  Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-Together  let 
us  seek  the  Heights.  Insignia-Lyre,  Three  Stars,  Sheaf  of 
Wheat,  Open  Book.  Patron-None.  Call-  Hi!  Hi!  Hi!  Alpha 
Chi!     Chi-O!     Chi-O!     Alpha  Chi  Omega! 

Magazine-The  Lyre- 1894. 

Next  Convention-Ann  Arbor,  November  23-27,  1910. 

Alpha  Delta  Phi. 

May  15,  1851. 
Executive  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  W.  C.  Coles,  21  Cleburne  Ave.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 
Vice-President,  Carolyn  J.  Twitty,  Pelham,  Ga. 
Secretary,  Gladys  Snyder,  Georgetown,  Tex. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  Arthur  Williams,  123  W.  Clinton  St.,  Talla- 
hassee, Fla. 
Inspector,  Lillian  Moore,  923  S.  17th  St.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 
Historian,Eleanor  Hunter,  Union  Springs,  Ala. 
Editor,  Anna  T.  Hunter,  409  S.  Court  St.,  Montgomery,  Ala. 

Chapter  Roll. 
Florida,  Lawrence,  Newcomb,  Southwestern,  Texas,  Wesleyan 
College. 


62  Literary  Sororities. 

Alpha  Delta  Phi  has  6  chapters  and  13  alumnae  associations. 
The  total  membership  is  1000,  the  active  membership  150, 
the  average  initiation  50.  The  badge  is  diamond-shaped, 
enameled  in  black  and  bearing  two  stars,  clasped  hands  and  the 
sorority  letters.  The  flag  is  a  rectangle  of  white  surmounted 
by  a  diamond  of  light  blue  bearing  two  stars  and  the  sorority 
letters  in  white. 

Colors-Pale  Blue  and  White.  Flower- Violet.  Jewel-None. 
Open  Motto- We  live  for  each  other.  Insignia-Clasped  Hands, 
Stars.     Patron-None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-The  Adelphean-1907. 

Next  Convention- Atlanta,  June,  1911. 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta. 

May  30,  1904. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  C.  H.  Smith,  153  W.  Corning  Ave.,  Syracuse. 
Vice-President,  Marguerite  Shepard,  Forestville,  N.  Y. 
Secretary,  May  Willis,  Winona,  Minn. 
Treasurer,  Charlotte  Geer,  Middletown,  Conn. 
Historian,  Georgia  A.  Dickover,  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.    ' 
Editor,  Estelle  Shepard,  Massena,  N.  Y. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Baltimore,    DePauw,    Kentucky,    Minnesota,    Ohio,   Syracuse, 
Washington  State,  Wesleyan,  Wisconsin. 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta  as  9  chapters  and  2  alumnae  associa- 
tions.    The  total  membership  is  200,  the  active  membership 


Literary  Sororities.  63 

150,  the  average  initiation  60.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the 
three  letters.     The  flag  is  green  and  buff  with  the  letters  in  red. 

Colors-Red,  Buff  and  Green.  Flower-Red  and  Buff 
Roses.     Jewel-None.     Open  Motto-None.     Patron-None. 

Magazine-To  be  published  soon. 

Next  Convention-Minneapolis,  April,  1911. 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi. 

March  1,  1900. 

Grand  Council. 

Addresses  Secret. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Fairmont  School,  Florida,  St.  Mary's  School,  Virginia  Female 
Institute,  Wesleyan  College. 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi  has  5  chapters,  but  no  alumnae  associations. 
The  total  membership  is  200,  the  active  membership  75,  the 
average  initiation  35.  The  badge  is  an  equilateral  triangle  of 
black  enamel,  bearing  in  the  angles  the  Greek  letters. 

Colors- Wedgewood  Blue  and  Gold.  Flower-Forget-me-not. 
Insignia-Skull  and  Cross-Bones. 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi. 

January  2,  1897. 

Executive  Committee. 

President,  Jessie  Ashley,  5  Nassau  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 
Vice-President,  Sue  K.  Gillean,  1625  2nd  St.,  New  Orleans. 


64  Literary  Sororities. 

Secretary,  Elizabeth  I.  Toms,  44  W.  128th  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.   W.  H.  Farmer,  24  Manchester  St.,  Nashua, 

N.  H. 
Editor,  Viola  C.  Gray,  1527  S.  23d  St.,  Lincoln,  Neb. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Barnard,  California,  Cornell,  DePauw,  Maine,  Nebraska, 
Newcomb,  New  York,  Northwestern,  Randolph-Macon,  Ten- 
nessee, Tufts. 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi  has  12  college  chapters  and  5  alumnae 
associations.  The  total  membership  is  650,  the  active  member- 
ship 250,  the  average  initiation  75.  The  badge  consists  of  the 
three  sorority  letters,  superimposed  one  upon  the  other  in 
sequence  with  a  ruby  or  garnet  at  the  apex  of  the  Alpha,  though 
the  rest  of  the  pin  may  be  jewelled  in  accordance  with  indi- 
vidual taste.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  sheaf  of  gold  with  the  initial 
of  the  chapter  engraved  on  the  reverse  side.  The  flag  is  a 
cardinal  banner  with  the  Greek  letters  in  white. 

Color-Cardinal.  Flower-Jacqueminot  Rose.  Jewel-Ruby. 
Open  Motto-None.     Patron-None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-To  Dragma-1905. 

Next  Convention-Place  undecided,  June,  1910. 

Alpha  Phi. 

October  20,  1872. 

General  Board. 

President,  Mrs.  Howard  Field,  Wilmette,  111. 

Vice-President,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Hobson,  5312  Madison  Ave.,  Chicago. 


Literary  Sororities.  65 

Cor.  Sec,  Mrs.  S.  V.  Balderston,  614  Clark  St.,  Evanston,  111. 
Rec.  Sec,  Louise  Darley,  Ravinia,  111. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  T.  C.  Moulding,  Wilmette,  111. 
Editor,  Mrs.*Evans  Holbrook,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Baltimore,  Barnard,  Boston,  California,  Cornell,  DePauw, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Stanford,  Syra- 
cuse,  Toronto,  Wisconsin. 

Alpha  Phi  has  14  college  chapters,  and  7  alumnae  chapters. 
The  total  membership  is  1900,  the  active  membership  300,  the 
average  initiation  100.  The  badge  is  a  monogram.  The  pledge 
pin  is  to  be  adopted.     The  sorority  has  no  national  flag. 

Colors-Gray  and  Bordeaux.  Flowers-Lillies-of-the  Valley, 
and  Forget-me-nots.  Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-Hand  in 
Hand.  Insignia-The  Constellation  of  Ursa  Major.  Patron- 
None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-The  Alpha  Phi  Quarterly-1888. 

Next  Convention-Baltimore,  March,  1910. 

X  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha. 

November  15,  1901. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  L.  Wakefield,  Mattison,  Leesville,  S.  C. 
Vice-President,  Mary  R.  Finn,  Elizabethtown,  Ky. 
^ec-Treas.,  Mrs.  Frank  H.  Cary,  Flint  Hill,  Va. 
Inspector,  Madeleine  Rollwage,  Forest  City,  Ark. 


66  Literary  Sororities. 

Badge  Custodian,  Suzanne  Bandell,  246  W.  Lanvale  St.,  Balti- 
more. 
Editor,  Jessie  E.  Scott,  Hagan,  Ga. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Brenau  College,  Columbia  College  (S.C.),  Mt.  Union,  Randolph- 
Macon,  St.  Mary's  School,  Virginia  Normal,  Ward  Seminary. 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha  has  7  chapters  and  1  alumnae  associa- 
tion. The  total  membership  is  600,  the  active  membership  105, 
the  average  initiation  40.  The  badge  is  a  shield  with  four  con- 
cave sides,  plain  or  jeweled,  and  bears  the  sorority  letters,  a 
crown  and  a  star  in  gold  on  a  field  of  black  enamel.  The  pledge 
pin  is  similarly  shaped,  but  enameled  in  crimson.  The  flag  is  a 
pennant  of  crimson  and  gray. 

Colors-Crimson  and  Gray.  Flower- American  Beauty  Rose. 
Jewel-Ruby.  Open  Motto-To  one  another  ever  faithful. 
Insignia-Star  and  Crown.     Patron- Athene. 

Magazine-The  Aegis- 1906. 

Next  Convention-Baltimore,  June,  1910. 

Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

April  17,  1893. 

Grand  Officers. 

President,  Mrs.  J.  R.  Leib,  1271  W.  Washington  St.,  Springfield, 

111. 
Vice-President,  Bertha  G.  Cleveland,  Waterloo,  N.  Y. 
Secretary,  Mary  E.  Kay,  75  S.  Union  Ave.,  Alliance,  O. 


Literary  Sororities.  67 

Treasurer,  Ellen  Ball,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa. 

Historian,  Clara  Salmer,  Vermilion,  S.  D. 

*     *     * 

Editor,  Mrs.  S.  R.  McKean,  Newberry,  Pa. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Bethany,  California,  Illinois,  Iowa  Wesleyan,  Kentucky,  Lom- 
bard, Minnesota,  Mt.  Union,  South  Dakota,  Syracuse,  Tufts, 
Washington  State,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wittenberg. 

Alpha  Xi  Delta  has  15  college  chapters  and  3  alumnae 
chapters.  The  total  membership  is  700,  the  active  membership 
300,  the  average  initiation  100.  The  badge  is  a  quill  with  the 
society's  initials  in  raised  and  burnished  gold  on  the  feathers. 
The  pledge  pin  is  an  ellipse  of  black  enamel  with  the  edge*of 
bevelled  gold*  the  Greek  letters,  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  being  in  gold 
on  the  black  background.     The  sorority  has  no  national  flag. 

Colors-Light  and  Dark  Blue  and  Gold.  Flower-Pink  Rose. 
Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia-Quill.  Patron- 
None.     Call-Secret. 

Magazine-Alpha  Xi  Delta-1903. 

Next  Convention-Syracuse,  October  28-30,  1909. 

Beta  Sigma  Omicron. 

4  December  12,  1888. 

Grand  Council. 
President,  Erna  B.  Watson,  Hamilton  College,  Lexington,  Ky. 
Vice-President,  Christine  Cole,  Newnan,  Ga. 
Secretary,  Bernice  Stall,  11  E.  Grace  St.,  Richmond,  Va. 
Treasurer,  Emma  L.  Newman,  Abbeville,  Ala. 
Historian,  Elizabeth  Falter,  Plattsmouth,  Neb. 


68  Literary  Sororities. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Belmont  College,  Brenau  College,  Centenary,  Central  College, 
Fairmont  Seminary,  Hardin  College,  Liberty  Ladies'  College, 
Stephens  College,  Synodical  College,  Transylvania. 

Beta  Sigma  Omicron  has  10  chapters  and  3  alumnae  asso- 
ciations. The  total  membership  is  700,  the  active  membership 
175,  the  average  initiation  80.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the 
sorority  letters,  the  Beta  inside  the  Omicron  and  the  Sigma, 
jewelled,  superimposed  upon  the  Omicron.  The  pledge  pin  is  a 
triangle  of  red  enamel  with  a  gold  star  in  each  corner  and  a 
Grecian  lamp  in  the  centre.  The  flag  is  composed  of  three 
horizontal  bars,  the  centre  one  red  and  the  two  outside  pink. 
The  sorority  letters  are  in  red  on  the  upper  pink  bar.  On  the 
lower  pink  bar  are  three  stars  in  red.  The  official  banner  is 
triangular,  broadly  handed  with  red  and  with*a  pink  centre. 
The  sorority  letters  are  in  pink  and  are  placed  in  the  corners. 
The  date  of  founding,  1888,  is  in  red  in  the  centre  of  the  pink 
field. 

Colors-Ruby  and  Pink.  Flower-Red  Carnation.  Jewel- 
Ruby.  Open  Motto-"We  Live  to  do  Good."  Insignia-Stars, 
Covenant,  Lamp,  Laurel.     Fatron-Hestia. 

Magazine-The  Beta  Sigma  Omicron-1905. 

Next  Convention-Louisville,  Ky.,  June,  1910. 

Chi  Omega. 

April  5,  1895. 

Supreme  Governing  Council. 

S.  H.,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Purdue,  Fayette ville,  Ark. 
S.  T.  B.,  Susan  Bitting,  Carlsbad,  New  Mex. 


Literary  Sororities.  69 

S.  K.  A.,  Jessie  A.  Parker,  Olathe,  Kans. 

S.  N.  V.,  Wendla  J.  McCaskey,  7328  Emerald  Ave.,  Chicago,  111. 
S.  M.,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Bain,  104  E.  Green  St.,  Champaign,  111. 
Editor,  Mrs.  H.  T.  Nicholas,  608  Court  St.,  Lynchburg,  Va. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Arkansas,  Barnard,  California,  Colby,  Colorado,  Dickinson, 
Florida,  George  Washington,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Mississ- 
ippi, Nebraska,  Newcomb,  Northwestern,  Oregon,  Randolph- 
Macon,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Transylvania,  Union,  Washington 
State,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

Chi  Omega  has  24  college  chapters  and  14  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  1400,  the  active  membership 
400,  the  average  initiation  175.  The  badge  is  a  monogram. 
The  Omega  has  a  skull  and  cross-bones  and  an  owl  engraved 
upon  its  sides,  while  the  arch  bears  the  letters  Rho,  Beta,  Upsilon, 
Eta,  Sigma.  The  pledge  pin  is  oblong,  rounded  at  each  end, 
enamelled  in  black,  with  the  letters  Chi  Omega  in  gold.  The 
flag  has  five  vertical  bars,  three  of  cardinal  and  two  of  straw 
color,  broadly  banded  across  the  top  with  a  bar  of  cardinal 
bearing  a  white  carnation  of  five  petals,  each  with  five  points. 

Colors-Cardinal  and  Straw.  Flower-White  Carnation. 
Jewels-Pearls  and  Diamonds.  Open  Motto- None.  Insignia- 
Skull,  Cross-bones,  Owl,  Five,  Laurel.  Patron-Demeter.  Call- 
We'll  try,  We'll  vie,  We'll  never  die,  Chi,  Chi  Omega,  Chi! 

Magazine-Eleusis-1899. 

Secret  Publication-Mystagogue-1905. 

Next  Convention-  Lexington,  Ky.,  June,  1910. 


70  Literary  Sororities. 

Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Thanksgiving  Eve,  1888. 
Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  Egbert  N.  Parmelee,  1347  Chase  Ave.,  Rogers 
Park,  111. 

Vice-Presidents,  Marion  E.  P.  Ball,  500  W.  121st  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 
Mrs.  Ray  Owen,  221  Mills  St.,  Madison,  Wis.,  Harriet 
Stanley,  "  The  Riverside,"  Wichita,  Kans.;  Lena  T.  Wilier, 
Stanton  College,  Natchez,  Miss.,  Mary  B.  Latta,20  Latta 
Ave.,  Ludlow,  Ky. 

Secretary,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Rhodes,  2508  Pleasant  Ave.,  Minneapolis. 

Treasurer,  Bertha  DuTeil,  127  N.  17th  St.,  Lincoln,  Neb. 

Marshal,  Esther  Spencer,  Watertown,  N.  Y. 

Historian,  Mrs.  Frank  E.  Priddy,  Adrian,  Mich. 

Alliance  Officer,  Eva  Jones,  North  Ave.,  Burlington,  Vt. 

Editor,  R.  Louise  Fitch,  Galva,  111. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Adrian,  Baker,  Baltimore,  Barnard,  Boston,  Bucknell,  Cali- 
fornia, Cincinnati,  Colby,  DePauw,  Iowa,  Knox,  Minnesota, 
Mississippi,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Pennsylvania, 
Randolph-Macon,  Simpson,  St.  Lawrence,  Stanford,  Syracuse, 
Transylvania,  Vermont,  Washington  State,  Wesleyan,  Wisconsin. 
Delta  Delta  Delta  has  28  chapters  and  24  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  2500,  the  active  membership 
525,  the  average  initiation  225.  The  badge  is  a  crescent  in- 
closing three  stars  and  bearing  three  Deltas.  The  pledge  pin 
is  a  trident.     Members  admitted  to  the  alliances  wear  an  equi- 


Literary  Sororities.  71 

lateral  triangle  of  white  enamel,  supporting  on  its  sides  three 
Deltas  of  gold  and  inscribed  in  a  golden  circle  surrounded  by  six 
spherical  triangles  in  blue  enamel.  Honorary  members  wear  a 
jeweled  triangle  of  black  enamel  bearing  three  Deltas  in  gold 
and  superimposed  upon  a  gold  laurel  wreath.  The  national  flag 
is  rectangular  in  shape  and  is  composed  of  three  vertical  bars, 
the  first  and  third  sea-green,  one  bearing  three  Deltas  in  white 
and  the  other  three  stars  in  white,  the  middle  bar  white  with  a 
green  pine  tree  upon  it. 

Colors-Silver,  Gold  and  Blue.  Flower-Pansy.  Tree-Pine. 
Jewel-Pearl.  Open  Motto-Let  Us  Steadfastly  Love  One  An- 
other. Insignia-Trident,  Stars,  Crescent,  Sea,  Pine  Tree. 
Patron-Poseidon.  Call-Alala!  Alala!  Alala!  Ta  Hiera  Posei- 
donia! 

Magazine-The  Trident-1891. 

Secret  Quarterly-The  Triton-1906. 

Secret  Annual-The  Trireme-1908. 

Next  Convention-Chicago,  June,  1910. 

Delta  Gamma. 

January  2,  1874. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  Chas.  R.  Carpenter,  1324  Main  St.,  Racine,  Wis. 

Vice-President,  Mary  Rosemond,  State  Library,  Des  Moines,  la. 

Secretary,  Agnes  Burton,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Treasurer,  Marguerite  B.  Lake,  Forest  Hill,  Md. 

Editor,  Ethel  M.  Tukey,  3126  Chicago  Ave.,  Omaha,  Neb. 


72  Literary  Sororities. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Adelphi,  Albion,  Baltimore,  Buchtel,  California,  Colorado, 
Cornell,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Washington 
State,  Wisconsin. 

Delta  Gamma  has  19  college  chapters,  7  alumnae  chapters 
and  6  alumnae  associations.  The  total  membership  is  2600, 
the  active  membership  300,  the  average  initiation  150.  The 
badge  is  an  anchor  supporting  upon  its  shank  a  shield  of  white 
enamel  with  the  sorority  letters  in  gold.  On  the  stock,  also  of 
white  enamel,  are  the  three  letters,  Tau,  Delta  and  Eta  in  gold. 
The  pledge  pin  is  a  shield  of  white  enamel  similar  to  the  one 
on  the  badge  with  the  Greek  letters  Pi  Alpha  in  gold.  The 
sorority  flag  is  to  be  adopted  soon. 

Colors-Bronze,  Pink  and  Blue.  Flower-Cream-colored 
Rose.  Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia-None. 
Patron-None.      Call-None. 

Magazine-The  Anchora-1884. 

Next  Convention-Undecided,  June,  1911. 

Delta  Zeta. 

October  24,  1902. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  O.  H.  Hayes,  2  The  Richelieu,  Indianapolis. 
Vice-President,  Myrtie  H.  Lloyd,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Sec.-Treas.,  Jessie  D.  Hecker,  Century,  Fla. 
Editor,  Elizabeth  Thompson,  Bloomington,  Ind. 


Literary  Sororities.  73 

Chapter  Roll. 

Cornell,  DePauw,  Indiana,  Miami,  Oregon. 

Delta  Zeta  has  5  chapters  and  1  alumnae  association.  The 
total  membership  is  300,  the  active  membership  150,  the  average 
initiation  50.  The  badge  is  a  Roman  lamp,  flanked  with 
Mercury  wings  and  supported  by  the  cap  of  an  Ionic  column. 
The  sorority  letters  appear  in  black  enamel  on  the  bowl  of  the 
lamp,  the  official  jeweling  being  a  diamond  in  the  flame  of  the 
lamp  and  four  pearls  at  the  base  of  the  cap.  The  pledge  pin 
is  diamond-shaped  and  is  inlaid  with  a  gold  lamp. 

Colors-Old  Rose  and  Nile  Green.  Flower-Pink  Rose.  Jewel- 
Diamond.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia-Lamp,  Bible,  Scroll, 
Distaff,  Bodkin. 

Magazine-The  Lamp-1909. 

Next  Convention-Oxford,  Ohio,  June,  1910. 

Gamma  Phi  Beta. 

November  11,  1874. 

Executive  Board. 

President,  Mabel  E.  Stone,  410  University  Ave.,  Syracuse. 
Vice-President,  Marion  D.  Dean,  489  Swains  Pond  Ave.,  Melrose, 

Mass. 
Secretary,  Mrs.  O.  Y.  Harsen,  53  Arthur  St,,Yonkers,  N.  Y. 
Treasurer,  Edith  B.  Wallace,  1056  Emerson  St.,  Denver,  Colo. 
Advisory,  Mrs.  F.  S.  Baldwin,  West  Allis,  Wis. 
Advisory,  Eleanor  Sheldon,  110  Malcolm  Ave.,  Minneapolis. 
Advisory,  Lena  M.  Redington,  1668  Tenth  St.,  Oakland,  Cal. 

%  %  % 


74  Literary  Sororities. 

Editor,  Anna  M.  Dimmick,  283  N.  Washington  St.,  Delaware,  O. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Baltimore,  Barnard,  Boston,  California,  Denver,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Northwestern,  Oregon,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Washing- 
ton State,  Wisconsin. 

Gamma  Phi  Beta  has  13  college  chapters  and  8  alumnae 
associations.  The  total  membership  is  1500,  the  active  mem- 
bership 300,  the  average  initiation  125.  The  badge  is  a  mono- 
gram of  the  three  sorority  letters,  inclosed  within  a  crescent  of 
black  enamel  bearing  in  characters  of  gold  7the  Hebrew  for 
"Four."  The  pledge  pin  is  a  crescent-shaped  stick  pin  of  brown 
enamel.     The  sorority  has  no  national  flag. 

Colors-Light  and  Dark  Brown.  Flower-Carnation.  Jewel- 
None.  Open  Motto-Founded  On  a  Rock.  Insignia-Crescent. 
Patron-None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-The  Crescent- 1901. 

Next  Convention-Not  decided,  November  12-15,  1910. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta. 

January  27,  1870. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  Louis  F.  Nelson,  2445  Forest  Ave.,  Kansas  City 

Mo. 
Vice-President,  Eva  R.  Hall,  Sycamore,  111. 
Secretary,  L.  Pearle  Green,  15  East  Ave.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Treasurer,  Edith  D.  Cockins,  1348  Neil  Ave.,  Columbus,  O. 
Editor,  L.  Pearle  Green,  15  East  Ave.,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 


Literary  Sororities.  75 

Chapter  Roll. 

Adelphi,  Allegheny,  Baltimore,  Barnard,  Brown,  Butler, 
California,  Cornell,  DePauw,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kansas,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  Montana,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ohio 
State,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Stanford,  Swarthmore,  Syracuse, 
Texas,  Toronto,  Vanderbilt,  Vermont,  Washington,  Washing- 
ton State,  Wisconsin,  Wooster. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta  has  32  college  chapters  and  19  alumnae 
associations.  The  total  membership  is  4200,  the  active  mem- 
bership 500,  the  average  initiation  200.  The  badge  is  a  shield, 
the  outer  edge  gold,  the  inner  portion,  which  is  slightly  raised, 
of  black  enamel.  In  the  middle  on  a  band  of  white  are  the 
society's  initials  in^gold.  Above  are  two  stars  set  with  dia- 
monds and  below  in  Greek  the  date  of  founding.  The  pledge 
pin  is  a  small  diamond  shield  used  as  a  stick  pin  and  divided 
diagonally  into  two  triangles,  one  of  gold,  the  other  of  black 
enamel.     The  flag  is  the  coat-of-arms  on  a  black  and  gold  field. 

Colors-Black  and  Gold.  Flower-Black  and  Gold  Pansy. 
Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia-Stars,  Eagle's 
Head,  Three  Links,  Keys,  Scythe,  Torch  and  Ermine.  Patron- 
None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-Kappa  Alpha  Theta-1885. 

Next  Convention-Place  not  decided,  July,  1911. 

Kappa  Delta. 

"^  October  27,  1897. 

Grand  Chapter. 
LaJeune  C.  Forrey,  2040  Sherman  Ave.,  Evanston,  III. 
Mary  S.  Thomas,  1731  College  St.,  Columbia,  S.  C. 


76  Literary  Sororities. 

Pauline  Embree,  Buena  Vista,  Va. 

Clara  Buskirk,  Jackson,  Mich. 

Jenn  W.  Coltrane,  84  N.  Union  St.,  Concord,  N.  C. 

Elsie  M.  Brown,  Sioux  Falls,  S.  D. 

*     *     * 
Editor,  Floy  Rockwell,  1417  Grand  Ave.,  Davenport,  la. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Alabama,  Columbia  College  (S.  C),  Fairmont  Seminary,  Florida, 
Gunston  Seminary,  Hollins  Institute,  Illinois  Wesleyan,  Iowa 
State  College,  Judson  College,  Louisiana,  Northwestern,  Ran- 
dolph-Macon, St.  Mary's  School,  Virginia  Normal. 

Kappa  Delta  has  14  chapters,  and  5  alumnae  associations. 
The  total  membership  is  700,  the  active  membership  160,  the 
average  initiation  100.  The  diamond-shaped  badge  displays  a 
dagger,  the  sorority's  initials  and  the  letters  A.  O.  T.  in  gold  on  a 
background  of  black  enamel.  The  pledge  pin  is  an  open  equi- 
lateral triangle  of  gold  superimposed  upon  a  dagger,  straight 
lines  connecting  the  centre  of  the  base  with  the  centre  of  each 
side.  The  flag  is  pennant  shaped,  bearing  the  Greek  letters 
Kappa  Delta  in  olive  green  on  a  background  of  white. 

Colors-Olive  Green  and  White.  Flower-White  Rose.  Jewel- 
None.  Open  Motto- We  Strive  For  That  Which  Is  Noble. 
Insignia-Skull,  Cross-Bones,  Skeleton  Dagger,  Snake.  Patron- 
None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-Angelos-1904. 

Next  Convention-Louisville,  Ky.,  April,  1910. 


Literary  Sororities.  77 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma. 

October  13,  1870. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Edith  Stoner,  1529  Wabash  Ave.,  Kansas  City,   Mo. 
Secretary,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Roth,  264  N.  10th  St.,  Erie,  Pa. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  P.  R.  Kolbe,  108  S.  Union  St.,  Akron,  O. 
Registrar,  Margaret  H.  Bailey,  92  Fourth  Ave.,  N.  Y.  C. 

^     ^     % 

Editor,  Mrs.  Frederick  W.  Potter,  207  Pacific  Ave.,  Piedmont, 
Cal. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Adelphi,  Adrian,  Allegheny,  Barnard,  Boston,  Buchtel,  Butler, 
California,  Colorado,  Cornell,  DePauw,  Hillsdale,  Illinois,  Illinois 
Wesleyan,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mis- 
souri, Montana,  Nebraska,  Newcomb,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State, 
Pennsylvania,  Stanford,  Swarthmore,  Syracuse,  Texas,  Wash- 
ington State,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wooster. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma  has  34  college  chapters  and  32 
alumnae  associations.  The  total  membership  is  about  5000, 
the  active  membership  about  600,  the  average  initiation  200. 
The  badge  is  a  key,  bearing  the  society's  initials  and  the  date 
of  founding  in  Greek.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  Delta  of  dark  or 
light  blue  enamel  bearing  a  Sigma  in  light  or  dark  enamel.  The 
sorority  has  no  national  flag. 

Colors-Light  and  Dark  Blue.  Flower-Fleur  de  Lis. 
Jewel-Sapphire.     Open  Motto-None.     Insignia-Owl.     Patron- 


78  Literary  Sororities. 

Athena.     Call-Hai  Korai  Athenes. 
Magazine-The  Key-1882. 
Next  Convention-Place  not  decided,  August  24,  1910. 

Phi  Mu. 

1852. 

Grand  Officers. 

President,  Louese  Monning,  1001  Polk  St.,  Amarillo,  Texas. 
Vice-Presidents,  Zenobia  Wooten,  6132  Monroe  Ave.,  Chicago. 

Marguerite  Thompson,  "The  Severn,"  Baltimore. 
Secretary,  Bonito  Hinton,  1407  First  St.,  New  Orleans. 
Treasurer,  Elsa  Scholtz,  1129  E.  Broadway,  Louisville,  Ky. 
Historian,  Willie  Erminger,  279  College  St.,  Macon,  Ga. 
Reporter,  Louise  Daniels,  Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 
Editor,  Louise  Atkinson,  Newnan,  Ga. 

Chapter  Roll. 
Belmont  College,  Chevy  Chase  School,  Hardin  College,  Hollins 
Institute,   Newcomb,   St.  Mary's   School,   Southwestern,  Ten- 
nessee, Wesleyan  College. 

Phi  Mu  has  9  chapters  and  2  alumnae  associations.  The 
total  membership  is  2000,  the  active  membership  100,  the 
average  initiation  40.  The  badge  is  an  oddly  shaped  shield  of 
black  enamel  displaying  in  the  centre  a  hand  holding  a  heart. 
Above  is  a  ribbon  of  gold  bearing  the  sorority's  letters  and  below 
another  bearing  three  stars.  The  pledge  pin  is  of  black  enamel 
and  bears  a  gold  Phi.  The  flag  is  of  old  rose  with  white  lettering. 
Colors-Rose  and  White.  Flower-Pink  Carnation.  Jewel- 
None.  Open  Motto-Les  Soeurs  Fideles.  Insignia-Heart,  Hand, 
Stars,  Lamp,  Lions. 


Literary  Sororities.  79 

Magazine-The  Aglaia-1907. 

Next  Con  vention- Ashe  ville,  N.  C,  June,  1910. 

<  Phi  Mu  Gamma. 

October  17,  1898. 

Grand  Chapter. 

President,  Amy  C.  Hutton,  686  Park  Ave.,  N.  Y.  C. 
Secretary,  Edith  McFall,  Charleston,  S.  C. 
Treasurer,  Telete  Scott,  Canton,  Ga. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Brenau  College,  Emerson  College  of  Oratory,  Hollins  Institute, 
Judson  College,  Louisiana,  Miss  Graham's  School,  New  England 
Conservatory,  The  Veltin  School. 

Phi  Mu  Gamma  has  8  chapters  and  state  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  500,  the  active  membership 
150,  the  average  initiation  40.  The  badge  consists  of  three 
graduated  shields  superimposed  one  above  the  other.  The 
largest  is  of  gold  and  is  set  with  pearls  and  turquoise.  Upon 
this  rests  a  shield  of  black  enamel  and  upon  the  latter  another 
of  gold,  bearing  the  Greek  letters  of  the  society's  name  in  black 
enamel.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  small  shield  of  black  enamel  bear- 
ing a  gold  crescent.  The  flag  bears  a  crescent  and  the  letters 
in  black  and  turquoise  blue. 

Colors-Black  and  Turquoise  Blue.  Flower-Forget-me-not. 
Jewels-Pearl  and  Turquoise.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia- 
Crescent,  Torch,  XXVIII,  A,  K,  Shield. 

Magazine-The  Shield-1908. 

Next  Convention-Undecided. 


80  Literary  Sororities. 

Pi  Beta  Phi. 

April  28,  1867. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  May  L.  Keller,  1822  Linden  Ave.,  Baltimore. 
Vice-President,  Cora  E.  Marlow,  909  4th  St.,  S.  E.,  Minneapolis. 
Secretary,  Elda  L.  Smith,  710  S.  6th  St.,  Springfield,  111. 
Treasurer,  Celeste  Janvier,  1445  Webster  St.,  New  Orleans. 
Editor,  Mrs.  Lewis  E.  Theiss,  230  W.  111th  St.,  N.  Y.  C. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Baltimore,  Barnard,  Boston,  Bucknell,  Butler,  California, 
Colorado,  Denver,  Dickinson,  Franklin,  George  Washing- 
ton, Hillsdale,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa  State  College,  Iowa 
Wesleyan,  Kansas,  Knox,  Lombard,  Michigan,  Middlebury, 
Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Newcomb,  Northwestern,  Ohio 
State,  Ohio,  Simpson,  Stanford,  Swarthmore,  Syracuse,  Texas, 
Toronto,  Vermont,  Washington  State,  Washington,  Wisconsin. 
Pi  Beta  Phi  has  39  college  chapters  and  36  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  5200,  the  active  membership 
900,  the  average  initiation  250.  The  badge  is  an  arrow  about 
an  inch  in  length,  bearing  the  sorority  letters  upon  the  feathers. 
The  pledge  pin  is  an  arrow  head  in  burnished  gold  bearing  the 
Greek  letter  Beta.  The  flag  is  an  oblong  with  lower  edge 
indented.  Connecting  the  opposite  corners  are  curved  lines 
which  divide  the  field  into  three  parts.  The  central  portion  is 
of  silver  blue  bearing  in  its  upper  part  a  monogram  of  the  letters 
I  and  C  surrounded  by  a  halo  and  below  this  a  monogram  of  the 


Literary  Sororities.  81 

letters  Pi  Beta  Phi.      The  lower  point  is  apparently  pierced  by 
a  gold  arrow  which  overlaps  the  lateral  sections  of  wine  red. 

Colors- Wine  Red  and  Silver  Blue.  Flower-Dark  Red 
Carnation.  Jewel-None.  Open  Motto-None.  Insignia-Ar- 
row. Patron-None.  Call-Ring  Ching  Ching!  HoHippiHi! 
RaRo  Arrow!  Pi  Beta  Phi! 

Magazine-The  Arrow-1885. 

Next  Convention-Swarthmore,  Pa.,  July,  1910. 

Sigma  Kappa. 

November,  1874. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Mrs.  Geo.  O.  Smith,  2137  Bancroft  Place,  Washington. 
Vice-President,  Hila  H.  Small,  232  Highland  Ave.,  Somerville, 

Mass. 
Secretary,  Mrs.  M.  D.  Linger,  710  Jersey  St.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Haviland,  The  Knoll,  Lansdown,  Pa. 

S{{  5*C  ^c 

Editor,  Grace  A.  Small,  232  Highland  Ave.,  Somerville,  Mass. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Boston,  Brown,  Colby,  Denver,  George  Washington,  Illinois, 
Illinois  Wesleyan,  Syracuse. 

Sigma  Kappa  has  8  college  chapters  and  7  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  600,  the  active  membership 
150,  the  average  initiation  50.  The  badge  is  an  equilateral 
triangle,  supporting  a  raised  triangle  of  maroon  enamel  with  the 
sorority  letters  in  gold.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  monogram  of  the 
letters.     The  sorority  has  no  national  flag. 


82  Literary  Sororities. 

Colors-Maroon  and  Lavender.  Flower- Violet.  Jewel- 
None.  Open  Motto-  One  Heart,  One  Way.  Insignia-Dove 
and  Serpent.     Patron-None. 

Magazine-Sigma  Kappa  Triangle-1907. 

Next  Convention-Champaign,  111.,  April,  1910. 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma. 

April  20,  1898. 
Grand  Chapter. 

President,  Bess  B.  Brower,  Gainesville,  Va. 

Rec.  Secretary,  Emma  H.  Moffett,  Lebanon,  Ky. 

Cor.  Secretary,  Will  L.  Alexander,  714  Poplar  Ave.,  Memphis, 

Tenn. 
Treasurer,  Harriet  P.  Hankins,  Garfield  Hospital,  Washington. 
Editor,  Lucy  L.  Downey,  1327  S.  20th  St.,  Birmingham,  Ala. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Hollins  Institute,  Nashville,  Randolph-Macon,  Southwestern, 
Union,  Virginia  Normal. 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma  has  6  chapters  and  2  alumnae  associa- 
tions. The  total  membership  is  400,  the  active  membership 
100,  the  average  initiation  50.  The  badge  is  an  equilateral 
triangle  with  indented  sides,  the  raised  inner  portion  of  black 
enamel  having  a  Sigma  in  each  corner  and  a  skull 'and  cross- 
bones  in  the  centre.  The  pledge  pin  is  an  indented  triangle 
superimposed  upon  a  circle.  The  sorority  flag  is  of  purple 
crossed  diagonally  with  a  white  band  bearing  the  sorority 
letters  in  white,  the  purple  spaces  bearing  a  triangle  and  a 
circle  in  white. 1" 


Literary  Sororities.  83 

Colors-Purple  and  White.  Flower- Violet.  Jewel-None. 
Open  Motto-Faithful  Unto  Death.  Insignia-Skull,  Cross- 
Bones,  Triangle,  Circle.     Patron-None. 

Magazine-The  Triangle-1905. 

Next  Convention-Chattanooga,  Tenn,  September  7-9,  1909. 

Zeta  Tau  Alpha.         * 

October  25,  1898. 

Grand  Chapter. 

President,  May  A.  Hopkins,  University  Hall,  Galveston,  Tex. 

Secretary,  Mrs.  J.  L.  Bugg,  Farmville,  Va. 

Treasurer,  Mary  Patrick,  Marion,  Ala. 

Historian,  Lorena  B.  Mason,  407  E.  Main  St.,  Richmond,  Va. 

Editor,  Grace  Jordan,  Forrest  City,  Ark. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Arkansas,  Bethany,  Drury,  Judson  College,  Randolph-Macon, 
Southwestern,  Tennessee,  Texas. 

Zeta  Tau  Alpha  has  8  college  chapters  and  2  alumnae 
associations.  The  total  membership  is  500,  the  active  mem- 
bership 150,  the  average  initiation  75.  The  badge,  an  artis- 
tically shaped  shield,  bears  a  crown  in  its  centre,  flanked  by 
the  letters  Z.  T.  A.  Below  in  Greek  is  the  word  Themis.  The 
pledge  pin  is  a  five-pointed  crown  with  the  letters  Z.  T.  A.  raised 
or    engraved.     The  sorority  has  no  national  flag. 

Colors-Turquoise  and  Gray.  Flower- White  Violet.  Jewel- 
None.  Open  Motto-Seek  the  Noblest.  Insignia-Eye,  Crown, 
Balance,  Book,  Carpenter's  Square,  A,  Dove  with  Olive  Branch, 


84  Literary  Sororities. 

Sword,  Chain,  Burning  Taper.     Patron-Themis.     Call-None. 
Magazine-Themis-1903. 
Next  Convention-Galveston,  Tex.,  June  14-16,  1910. 

CLASS  B. 
X    Eta  Upsilon  Gamma. 

November,  1901. 

Grand  Officers. 

President,  Mrs.  R.  B.  Caldwell,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Vice-President  and  Editor,  Frances  McClure,  Houstonia,  Mo. 
Cor.  Sec,  Coila  Von  Trout  Myers,  1331a  Troost  Ave.,  Kansas 
X        City,  Mo. 

Rec  Sec,  Agnes  Pfeffer,  Lebanon,  111. 
Treasurer,  Byrd  Barton,  Sedalia,  Mo. 
Organizer,  Mildred  Whitney,  Mexico,  Mo. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Central  College,  Christian  College,  Forest  Park  University, 
Hardin  College,  Liberty  Ladies'  College,  Lindenwood  College. 

Eta  Upsilon  Gamma  has  6  chapters  and  1  alumnae  associa- 
tion. The  total  membership  is  400,  the  active  membership  100, 
the  average  initiation  50.  The  badge  is  diamond-shaped,  the 
central  portion  being  of  black  enamel  and  bearing  the  sorority's 
letters,  clasped  hands,  a  skull  and  cross-bones.  The  pledge  pin 
is  clasped  hands  of  gold.     The  flag  is  of  green  with  gold  lettering. 

Colors-Green  and  Gold.  Flower-Red  Carnation.  Jewels- 
Diamond  and  Pearl.     Open  Motto-Be  True.     Insignia-Hands, 


Literary  Sororities.  85 

Skull,  Cross-Bones,   Diamond,   Lamp,  Triangle,   Unicorn. 
Magazine-The  Adamas-1909. 
Next  Convention-St.  Charles,  Mo.,  June,  1910. 

Sigma  Iota  Chi. 

December,  1903. 

Grand  Chapter. 

President,  Mary  C.  Gibson,  1314  McGavock  St.,  Nashville. 
Secretary,  Myrtle  Palfrey,  Franklin,  La. 
Treasurer,  Charlotte  D.  King,  Denver,  Colo. 

♦     ♦     ♦ 

Editor,  Judith  Grigsby,  807  Palmer  Place,  Nashville. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Belmont  College,  Campbell-Hagerman  College,  Cincinnati  Con- 
servatory, Gunston  Seminary,  Lindenwood  College,  Virginia 
College,  Ward  Seminary. 

Sigma  Iota  Chi  has  7  chapters,  but  no  alumnae  associations. 
The  total  membership  is  250,  the  active  membership  80,  the 
average  initiation  40.  The  badge  is  a  gold  shield  bearing  a 
skull  and  cross-bones  in  black  enamel  and  a  white  scroll  dis- 
playing the  sorority  letters.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  square  of 
purple  enamel  with  the  letters  in  gold.     There  is  no  official  flag. 

Colors-Purple  and  Gold.  Flo  wer- Violet .  Jewel-None. 
Open  Motto-Deus,  Libertas,  Lex.  Insignia-Eagle,  Arm,  Star. 
Patron-None.     Call-None. 

Magazine-The  Parchment-1907. 

Next  Convention-Not  decided. 


86  Literary  Sororities. 

Theta  Chi.  * 

September  25,  1893. 

Grand  Council. 

President,  Elizabeth  Gallaher,  Charleston,  W.  Va. 
Secretary,  Margaret  Worthington,  1816  H  St.,  Washington. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Central  and  East  H.  S.  (Minneapolis),  Chevy  Chase  School, 
Gunston  Seminary,  Lexington  (Mo.),  H.  S.,  Pittsburg  (Kans.), 
H.  S. 

Theta  Chi  has  6  chapters  and  2  alumnae  associations.  The 
total  membership  is  400,  the  active  membership  100,  the  aver- 
age initiation  40.  The  badge  is  a  Theta  of  pearls  on  a  Chi  set 
with  rubies.     The  pledge  pin  is  a  small  monogram  of  rose  gold. 

Colors-Red  and  White.  Flower-American  Beauty  Rose. 
Jewels-Pearls  and  Rubies. 


Musical  Sororities.  87 


MUSICAL  SORORITIES. 

The  first  of  this  class  was  Alpha  Chi  Omega  founded  at 
DePauw  University  in  1885  under  the  special  patronage  of 
Dean  James  L.  Howe  of  the  College  of  Music.  Dean  Howe 
believed  so  thoroughly  in  the  advantages  of  these  organizations 
that  in  1892  he  lent  his  aid  to  the  establishment  of  a  second 
similar  society  called  Phi  Mu  Epsilon.  Alpha  Chi  Omega  has 
always  been  most  progressive  and  has  grown  rapidly.  In  1903 
it  made  a  striking  change  in  its  policy,  for  instead  of  confining 
itself  strictly  to  the  colleges  of  music  affiliated  with  the  institu- 
tions where  its  chapters  were  located,  it  admitted  such  students 
from  the  liberal  arts  departments  as  were  taking  courses  in 
music.  The  Convention  of  1908  went  further  and  ruled  that 
chapters  might  permit  fifty  per  cent  of  their  membership 
to  be  drawn  from  the  liberal  arts  department  with  no  music. 
By  becoming  Musical-Literary,  as  it  is  now  called,  it  competes 
with  the  academic  sororities  and  in  consequence  has  been  ad- 
mitted to  the  Inter-Sorority  Conference. 

Phi  Mu  Epsilon  remained  a  local  for  ten  years,  establishing 
its  second  chapter  at  Syracuse  in  1902.  Its  badge  was  a  harp 
with  three  strings  across  which  ran  a  ribbon  of  black  enamel 
bearing  the  sorority's  initials  in  gold.  Its  colors  were  lavender 
and  white,  its  flower  the  white  rose.  In  1906  it  affiliated  with 
Mu  Phi  Epsilon,  which  was  founded  in  1903  at  the  Metropolitan 
College  of  Music  located  at  Cincinnati  by  Dean  W.  S.  Sterling, 


88  Musical  Sororities. 

Elizabeth  Mathias  of  the  faculty  and  Calvin  Vos,  lawyer  and 
member  of  Sinfonia  and  Phi  Delta  Theta  fraternities. 

The  musical  sorority  always  labors  under  the  disadvantage 
of  drawing  its  material  from  a  department  where  the  average 
student  remains  only  two  years.  Its  influence,  however,  is 
very  potent  in  holding  its  members  to  high  standards  of  work 
along  their  chosen  line. 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon. 

November  13,  1903. 

Supreme  Council. 

President,  Elfrida  Langlois,  Wyandotte,  Mich. 
Vice-President,  Eunice  S.  Parker,  211  University  Place,  Syra- 
cuse, N.  Y. 
Secretary,  Alice  D.  Davis,  925  Grand  Ave.,  Price  Hill,  Cincinnati. 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  Mayme  Worley,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 
Historian,  Blanche  Brown,  4860  Fountain  Ave.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Chicago  Conservatory,  Detroit  Conservatory,  Ithaca  Conserva- 
tory, Metropolitan  Colleges  of  Music  (Cincinnati  and  Indiana- 
polis), Michigan,  St.  Louis  Conservatory,  Syracuse,  Toledo 
Conservatory. 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon  has  9  chapters  and  7  alumnae  clubs.  The 
total  membership  is  600,  the  active  membership  125,  the  average 
initiation  75.  The  badge  consists  of  a  jewelled  triangle  bearing 
the  Greek  Letters  and  supporting  another  of  black  enamel 
ornamented  with  a  lyre  in  gold.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  silver 
triangle  bearing  a  raised  lyre. 


Musical  Sororities.  89 

Colors-Royal  Purple  and  White.  Flower-Violet.  Jewel- 
Amethyst.  Open  Motto-Seeketh  Not  Her  Own.  Insignia- 
Lyre  and  Triangle.     Patron-None. 

Magazine-Mu  Phi  Epsilon  Year  Book-1905. 

Next  Convention-Indianapolis,  May,  1910. 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota. 

June  12,  1903. 

Grand  Officers. 

President,  Grace  Wood,  DeKalb,  111. 

Vice-President,  Ethel  Herford,  6624  Kimbark  Ave.,  Chicago. 

Secretary,  Ida  Kemmen,  Evanston,  111. 

Chapter  Roll. 

American  Conservatory  (Chicago),  Detroit  Conservatory,  Ithaca 
Conservatory,  Michigan,  Northwestern. 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota  has  5  chapters  and  2  alumnae  associations. 
The  total  membership  is  250,  the  active  membership  100,  the 
average  initiation  30.  The  badge  consists  of  seven  gold  Pan 
pipes  surrounded  by  a  jewelled  ellipse  bearing  the  sorority's 
initials  in  gold  on  black  enamel.  The  pledge  pin  is  the  Pan 
pipes  alone.     The  flag  is  crimson  with  white  letters. 

Colors-Crimson  and  White.  Flower-Crimson  Rose.  Jewel- 
Pearl.  Open  Motto-Vita  Brevis,  Ars  Longa.  Insignia-Pan 
Pipes,  Ellipse,     Patron-None. 

Next  Convention-Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  May,  1910. 


90  Medical  Sororities. 


MEDICAL  SORORITIES. 

The  medical  sororities  are  not  numerous,  for  the  num- 
ber of  women  students  enrolled  in  the  medical  schools  is  still 
comparatively  small.  Opportunities  for  professional  training 
along  this  special  line  are  not  lacking,  as  may  be  seen  by  a 
glance  at  the  rolls  of  sororities  listed  under  this  head,  but  it  is 
the  liberal  education  that  seems  to  appeal  to  the  majority  of 
girls  who  continue  their  studies  beyond  the  secondary  school. 

The  first  medical  sorority  was  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota,  founded 
in  1890.  It  was  without  a  rival  for  a  decade  and  at  present  has 
only  one,  Zeta  Phi,  for  Epsilon  Tau  is  confined  to  schools  of 
homeopathy. 

Alpha  Epsilon  Iota. 

February  26,  1890. 

Grand  Chapter. 

President,  Dr.  Rose  T.  Bullard,  1241  W.  8th  St.,  Los  Angeles, 

Cal. 
Secretary,  Eleanor  Whipple,  5543  Madison  Ave.,  Chicago. 
Treasurer,  Sarah  Morris,  Pittstown,  Pa. 

Chapter  Roll. 

California,  Chicago,  Cooper,  Cornell,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Min- 
nesota, Southern  California,  Women's  Medical  College  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 


Medical  Sororities.  91 

The  total  membership  is  400,  the  active  membership  100, 
the  average  initiation  40.  The  badge  is  a  five-pointed  star  of 
black  enamel  with  the  letters  of  the  society's  name  in  the  three 
lowest  angles.     Above  is  a  serpent's  head. 

Colors-Black,  White  and  Green.     Flower- White  Carnation. 

Next  Convention-Minneapolis,  November  25-27,  1909. 

Epsilon  Tau. 

November  4,  1898. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Boston,  Chicago  Hahnemann,  New  York  Woman's. 

Colors-Fern  Green  and  White.     Flower-White  Carnation. 

Zeta  Phi. 

May  29,  1900. 

General  Officers. 

President,  Dr.  Florence  I.  Stanton,  Utica,  N.  Y. 
Secretary,  Dr.  Lillian  G.  Stevenson,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Treasurer,  Dr.  Anna  W.  Marquis,  Norwich,  N.  Y. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Johns  Hopkins,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Tufts,  Women's  Medical 
College  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  total  membership  is  100,  the  active  membership  25, 
the  average  initiation  10.  The  badge  is  a  quartrefoil  of  black 
enamel,  bearing  a  caduceus  with  wings  and  rod  in  white  and 


92  Medical  Sororities. 

serpents  in  gold.     The  letters  Zeta  and  Phi  appear  in  white  to 
left  and  right  of  the  caduceus. 

Colors-Black,  White  and  Gold.     Flower-Daisy. 

Next  Convention-Toronto,  January,   1910. 


Necrology  of  Chapters.  93 

NECROLOGY  OF  CHAPTERS. 

Alpha  Chi  Omega-Bucknell  University,  1898-99. 

Alpha  Delta  Phi-Salem  College,  1905-09;  Mary  Baldwin 
Seminary,  1906-08. 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha-Lewisburg  Institute,  1904-07;  Mary 
Baldwin  Seminary,  1905-08;  Fauquier  Institute,  1905-06; 
Fairmont  Seminary,  1906-08. 

Beta  Sigma  Omicron,  Christian  College*  1888-94;  Missouri 
Valley  College,  1892-93;  Sedalia,  Mo.,  High  School,  1898- 
1906;  Pueblo,  Colo.,  High  School,  1902-06;  Mary  Baldwin 
Seminary,  1903-08;  Potter  College,  1906-09. 

*  This  College  is  located  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  and  the  chapter  roll 
included  some  who  were  students  at  the  University  of  Missouri  during 
these  years. 

Chi  Omega- Jessamine  Female  Institute,  1898-1902;  Hellmuth 
Woman's  College  1899-1900;  Belmont  College,  1899-1903. 

Delta  Delta  Delta-University  of  Michigan,  1894-1900. 

Delta  Gamma-  Warren  Female  Institute*  1874-89;  Water  Valley 

Seminary,  1876-80;  Peabody  High  School,  Fairmont,  Tenn., 

1877-?;  Bolivar  College,  1878-?;  Franklin  College,  1878-?; 

Hanover  College,  1881-?;  Fulton,  Mo.  Synodical  College, 

1882-?;    Mt.    Union    College,    1882-1909;    St.    Lawrence 

University,  1883-86;  Adelbert  College,  1883-88;  University 

of  Southern  California,  1887-97. 

(Where  dates  are  missing  it  indicates  that  the  sorority's  records  are 
incomplete  on  these  points.  All  such  chapters  were  short  lived,  proba- 
bly not  more  than  two  years  or  so.) 

*  Known  also  as  Louis  Institute  and  Oxford  (Miss.)  Female 
Institute. 


94  Necrology  of  Chapters. 

Eta  Upsilon  Gamma-Potter  College,  1907-09. 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta-Moore's  Hill  College,  1871-74;  Illinois 
Wesleyan  University,  1875-95;  Ohio  University,  1876-86; 
Simpson  College,  1879-91;  Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 
1881-81;  Hanover  College,  1882-99;  Wesleyan  University, 
1883-87;  University  of  Southern  California,  1887-95 
Albion  College,  1887-1908;  University  of  the  Pacific, 
1889-90. 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma-M onmouth  College,  1870-84;  St.  Mary's 
School  (Knoxville,  111.),  1871-74;  Smithson  College,  1872-75 
Rockford  Seminary,  1874-76;  Franklin  College,  1879-84; 
Simpson  College,  1880-90;  Ohio  Wesleyan  University, 
1880-84;  St. Lawrence  University,  1881-98  ;Lassell  Seminary, 
1881-82;  University  of  Cincinnati,  1885-85. 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon-De  Pauw,  1905-09;  New  England  Conservatory, 
1905-08. 

Phi  Mu-Salem  College,  1904-09. 

Phi  Mu  Gamma-Potter  College,  1908-09. 

Pi  Beta  Vhi-Monmouth  College,  1867-84;  DePauw  University, 
1868-68;  South  Iowa  Normal  School,  1881-87;  Carthage 
College,  1882-88;  York  College,  1884-88;  Callanan  College, 
1886-89;  Hastings  College,  1887-87. 

Sigma  Iota  Chi-Potter  College,  1905-09. 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma-Lewisburg  Seminary,  1903-08;  Searcy 
Institute,  1905-07;  Frederick  Woman's  College,  1906-07. 

Theta  Chi-C onverse  College,  1893-1900. 

Zeta  Tau  Alpha- Virgi nia  Normal  School,  1898-1906;  Hannah 
Moore  Academy,  1900-04;  Mary  Baldwin  Seminary,  1904- 
06;  Richmond  College,  1905-08. 


TIES.  95 


HONORARY  SOCIETIES. 

Honorary  Greek-Letter  societies  grow  more  numerous  with 
the  years,  as  specialization  leads  most  naturally  to  differentia- 
tion in  degrees  and  as  university  authorities  endeavor  to  find 
some  way  of  adding  distinction  to  the  student  who  has  done 
work  of  unusual  excellence.  At  present  women  are  eligible 
to  membership  in  four, — Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Sigma  Xi,  Phi 
Kappa  Phi  and  Alpha  Omega  Alpha.  Phi  Beta  Kappa  was 
originally  a  secret  fraternity,  in  practically  all  respects  like 
those  of  the  present  time,  but  owing  to  force  of  circumstances 
its  secrets  became  known  and  the  society  gradually  assumed  a 
new  character.  The  three  others,  all  founded  within  the  last 
quarter  century,  were  copied  directly  from  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
with  such  changes  as  special  needs  demanded. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  stands  for  a  liberal  culture  as  represented 
by  the  humanities,  Sigma  Xi  seeks  to  exalt  scientific  studies  to  a 
place  of  honor  among  the  humanities,  while  Phi  Kappa  Phi 
aims  to  recognize  high  rank  in  any  department  of  collegiate 
education.  Alpha  Omega  Alpha  is  a  medical  society.  Its 
object  is  high  scholarship,  honorably  acquired  and  honestly 
employed. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

Phi  Beta  Kappa  was  founded  by  five  students  at  the  College 
of  William  and  Mary,  Williamsburg,  Va.,  on  December  5,  1776. 


96  Honorary  Societies. 

Its  avowed  purpose  was  "  A  happy  spirit  and  resolution  of 
attaining  the  important  ends  of  society."  With  this  aim  in 
view  much  attention  was  given  to  essays  and  debates  with  an 
occasional  banquet  as  an  outlet  for  the  youthful  spirits  of  the 
members.  The  society  was  essentially  secret,  had  a  most  bind- 
ing oath  of  fidelity  and  a  peculiar  token  of  salutation.  The 
original  records  give  no  clue  to  the  source  from  which  came  the 
inspiration  to  form  this  secret  Greek-Letter  society,  but  the 
philosophical  clubs  then  so  common  among  the  students  at 
French  and  German  universities  mav  have  led  the  founders  to 
establish  an  organization  that  should  stand  for  good  fellowship. 
Then,  too,  the  stirring  times  in  which  they  lived,  the  burning 
oratory  of  Virginia  patriots,  the  very  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence itself,  doubtless  suggested  the  value  of  a  united  brother- 
hood. 

Early  provisions  was  made  for  placing  branches  elsewhere, 
for  the  organizers  believed  it  was  "  Repugnant  to  the  liberal 
principles  of  Societies  that  they  should  be  confined  to  any 
particular  place,  Men  or  Description  of  Men,  but  that  they 
should  be  extended  to  the  wise  and  virtuous  of  every  degree  and 
of  whatever  country".  There  are  records  to  show  that  the 
Beta,  Gamma  and  Delta  charters  were  granted,  but  none  to 
indicate  that  such  chapters  ever  existed.  The  War  of  the 
Revolution  may  have  put  an  end  to  them  as  it  did  to  the 
parent  chapter.  On  January  3,  1781,  the  British  fleet  ap- 
peared off  the  coast  and  three  days  later  the  last  meeting  was 
held.  It  is  interesting  to  learn  from  history  that  nearly  one- 
third  of  the  fifty  members  enlisted  in  the  Continental  Army, 
that  seventeen  served  in  the  state  legislature,  that  eight  were 


Honorary  Societies.  97 

members  of  the  convention  which  ratified  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, that  two  became  United  States  Senators  and  five  Repre- 
sentatives, that  many  of  the  others  were  famous  men  in  their 
day. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  revive  the  chapter  at  William 
and  Mary  until  1849,  but  the  reorganized  society  had  ex- 
isted for  scarcely  more  than  a  decade,  when  the  Civil  War 
broke  out.  Another  attempt  was  made  in  1895,  and  the 
mother  chapter  is  now  in  a  vigorous  condition  and  likely 
to  remain  so  for  many  a  year.  The  suspension  of  meet- 
ings in  1781  would  in  all  probability  have  rung  the  death- 
knell  of  this  most  interesting  organization  had  it  not  been 
for  the  fact  that  a  Northern  man,  Elisha  Parmele,  Harvard, 
'79,  went  to  Williamsburg  for  postgraduate  work.  Such 
an  idea  seems  strange  today,  but  in  Colonial  times  William 
and  Mary  was  the  richest  as  well  as  the  most  thoroughly 
English  of  the  colleges.  Its  Chancellors  were  the  Bishops  of 
London,  its  presidents  their  representatives.  As  the  most 
prosperous  college  in  the  colonies  it  doubtless  offered  unusual 
opportunities  along  some  lines.  Mr.  Parmele  was  initiated  on 
July  31,  1779,  and  being  strongly  impressed  with  the  possibilities 
for  future  growth,  he  asked  for  permission  to  establish  branches 
at  Harvard  and  Yale.  The  charters  were  called  the  Alpha  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  and  the  Alpha  of  Connecticut.  Eight 
years  later  these  two  chapters  granted  a  charter  to  Dartmouth 
and  for  thirty  years  these  colleges  constituted  the  roll. 

When  the  Morgan  craze  against  Free  Masonry  was  arousing 
all  New  England  in  1831,  John  Quincy  Adams,  Judge  Story 
and  other  prominent  men  prevailed  upon  the  Harvard  chapter 


98  Honorary  Societies. 

to  give  up  its  secrets.  Edward  Everett  was  sent  to  the  Yale 
chapter  to  secure  acquiescence.  The  records  say  that  "  He 
touchingly  set  forth  that  the  students  of  Harvard  had  such 
conscientious  scruples  as  to  keep  them  from  taking  the  oath 
of  secrecy  and  the  society  life  was  thus  endangered.  There 
was  stout  opposition,  but  the  notion  prevailed  and  the  mission- 
ary returned  to  gladden  the  tender  conscience  of  the  Harvard 
boys." 

The  establishment  of  the  chapter  at  Union  College  in 
1817  gave  rise  to  the  fraternity  system  of  the  present  time, 
because  it  led  directly  to  the  founding  of  Kappa  Alpha  in 
1825.  The  newer  organizations  with  their  charm  of  se- 
crecy appealed  strongly  to  the  undergraduates,  and  little 
by  little,  as  greater  emphasis  was  laid  upon  scholastic  records 
and  honor  men  alone  were  elected  to  membership  in  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  it  transpired  that  the  mother  of  fraternities  lost  many 
of  its  original  characteristics  and  came  to  stand,  as  it  does  today, 
for  a  brotherhood  of  scholars.  "  For  nearly  half  a  century," 
wrote  Edward  Everett  Hale  in  1879,  in  his  "Fossil  from  the 
Tertiary",  "  it  was  the  only  society  in  America  that  could 
pretend  to  be  devoted  to  literature  and  philosophy.  And 
it  happened,  therefore,  that  in  the  infant  literature  of  the 
nation  some  noteworthy  steps  are  marked  by  orations  and 
poems  delivered  before  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa."  Among  the 
famous  men  whose  names  have  appeared  upon  the  programs 
of  the  great  public  gatherings  of  the  society  are  Adams,  Everett, 
Story,  Sumner,  Beecher,  Wendell  Phillips,  Webster,  Choate, 
Bryant,  Emerson,  Holmes  and  Longfellow.  The  hundredth 
anniversary  was  noteworthy  as  suggesting  the  culmination  of  a 


Honorary  Societies.  99 

movement  that  resulted  in  the  formation  in  April  of  1877  of  an 
alumni  association  in  New  York  City,  known  as  the  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  alumni. 

For  more  than  a  century  the  custom  prevailed  of  requiring 
the  consent  of  all  Alpha  chapters  before  a  new  Alpha  could  be 
established  in  a  new  state,  all  subsequent  charter  grants  in  that 
state  being  dependent  upon  the  will  of  the  Alpha.  This  most 
unsatisfactory  method  of  establishing  new  chapters,  the  im- 
possibility of  demanding  uniform  standards  of  scholarship, 
the  entire  lack  of  unity  in  a  movement  that  was  without  definite 
organization,  the  absence  of  any  system  of  literary  activity, 
were  conditions  generally  deplored,  but  no  attempt  was  made 
to  evolve  a  national  organization  until  the  Harvard  chapter 
celebrated  its  centenary  on  June  30,  1881.  At  this  time  the 
idea  of  a  governing  body  was  suggested  and  discussed,  but  no 
definite  step  taken.  At  a  gathering,  however,  of  delegates  from 
sixteen  chapters  in  New  York,  October  18,  1881,  a  resolution 
was  made  to  recommend  a  permanent  and  a  representative 
form  of  government.  At  Saratoga  Springs,  September  6-7, 
1882,  delegates  from  fifteen  chapters  unanimously  adopted  a 
constitution  which  was  eventually  ratified  by  all  the  chapters. 
The  organization  was  known  henceforth  as  "  The  United  Chap- 
ters of  Phi  Beta  Kappa". 

Under  the  present  arrangement  all  applications  for  charters 
must  be  made  to  the  Senators,  a  group  of  twenty  prominent 
members  of  national  reputation,  who  hold  their  office  for  six 
years,  and  each  application  must  be  endorsed  by  five  existing 
chapters.  The  charter  grants  depend  to  a  large  extent  upon  the 
recommendations  of  these  men,  but  the  final  decision  is  made  at 


100  Honorary  Societies. 

the  Triennial  Convention,  for  no  charters  are  issued  without  the 
consent  of  delegations  representing  a  majority  of  chapters. 
Since  the  new  constitution  went  into  effect,  the  society  has  given 
evidence  of  greatly  increased  vigor.  Eight  triennial  conven- 
tions have  been  held  and  forty-six  charter  grants  have  been 
made.  Much  has  been  done  also  to  bring  about  the  unification 
of  the  chapters  and  to  secure  higher  standards.  Only  such 
institutions  as  grant  the  A.  B.  degree  in  regular  course  are 
eligible  to  charters  and  no  chapter  is  expected  to  elect  to 
membership  more  than  one-fourth  of  the  graduating  class. 
The  recent  movement  to  gather  valuable  historical  data  and 
to  publish  periodical  literature  is  a  most  important  one. 

Women  were  first  admitted  to  membership  about  the  year 
1875  by  the  chapter  at  the  University  of  Vermont.  The  Cornell 
chapter  has  never  made  any  sex  distinction  since  its  organization 
in  1882.  The  number  of  women  on  the  rolls,  however,  was 
very  small  up  to  the  year  1890,  for  until  that  time  few  chapters 
existed  at  colleges  open  to  them.  The  decision  of  the  past  two 
conventions  to  grant  charters  to  independent  colleges  for 
women  indicates  that  Phi  Beta  Kappa  is  well  on  the  road  to 
becoming  truly  representative  of  the  highest  scholarship  in  the 
United  States. 

Sigma  Xi. 

The  Society  of  the  Sigma  Xi,  as  it  is  known  officially,  was 
founded  at  Cornell  University  in  November,  1886,  by  a  few 
earnest  workers  in  the  Engineering  Sciences.  Owing  to  an 
unfortunate  laxity  in  keeping  early  records,  the  exact  date  of 
organization  is  not  known. 


1 


Honorary  Societies.  101 


•   '  '    '  '  .       ' 

i 


The  aim  of  the  society,  as  indicated  in  the  motto,  Spoudon 
Xunones,  Companions  in  Zealous  Research,  is  to  encourage 
original  investigation  in  science,  pure  and  applied,  and  to  secure 
for  scientific  studies  a  place  of  honor  among  the  humanities  of  a 
liberal  culture. 

Chapters  may  be  established  at  any  institution  offering 
courses  of  study  in  those  subjects  that  it  is  the  object  of  the 
society  to  promote,  provided  that  these  courses  are  substan- 
tially equivalent  to  the  usual  four  years  college  course.  The 
active  membership  is  composed  of  resident  professors,  instruc- 
tors, graduate  students  and  seniors.  The  last  may  never  be 
more  than  one-fifth  of  the  class.  No  distinction  on  account  of 
sex  has  ever  been  made. 

Provision  has  also  been  made  for  alumni  chapters,  which 
may  be  established  anywhere  upon  the  application  of  five  mem- 
bers of  collegiate  chapters.  Alumni  chapters  have  the  right  of 
suffrage  at  the  convention  and  may  elect  to  membership  gradu- 
ates of  other  institutions  of  learning  at  which  the  society  has  no 
chapters. 

Phi  Kappa  Phi. 

Phi  Kappa  Phi  was  founded  at  the  University  of  Maine, 
July  14,  1897.  The  motto  means  "  The  Love  of  Learning 
Rules  the  World  "  and  the  aim  of  the  incorporators  was  "  to 
provide  a  Fraternity,  dedicated  to  the  Unity  and  Democracy 
of  Education  and  open  to  honor  graduates  of  all  departments  of 
American  Universities  and  Colleges".  All  candidates  for  a 
baccalaureate  or  higher  degree,  without  distinction  as  to  sex, 
are  eligible  to  membership  in  their  senior  year,  provided  their 
scholarship  entitles  them  to  rank  in  the  first  third  of  the  class. 


I    -  »         I 


102  Honorary  Societies. 

All  applications  for  charters  must  be  made  to  the  Board 
of  Regents,  which  is  a  sort  of  executive  committee  composed 
of  the  president  general,  the  secretary  general  and  three  others. 
These  five  men  have  the  power  to  investigate  all  applications 
and  to  make  all  charter  grants.  Active  chapters  may  be  es- 
tablished at  universities  and  colleges  "of  good  standing". 
Alumni  chapters  have  as  many  votes  in  the  convention  as  the 
active  chapters,  but  have  never  received  the  right  to  elect  new 
members  to  the  fraternity. 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha. 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha  was  founded  at  the  Medical  School 
of  the  University  of  Illinois,  August  25,  1902.  Chapters 
are  limited  to  medical  schools  of  the  highest  standing,  and  the 
membership  may  at  no  time  exceed  one-sixth  of  the  graduating 
class.  The  constitution  empowered  the  fraternity  from  the 
first  to  admit  women.  The  motto  means,  "  To  be  worthy  to 
serve  the  suffering." 

Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

December  5,  1776. 
Officers. 

President,  Edwin  A.  Grosvenor,  LL.D.,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Vice-President,  Hon.  John  J.  McCook,  LL.D.,  N.  Y.  C. 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  Rev.  Oscar  M.  Voorhees,  High  Bridge, 
N.J. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Allegheny,    Amherst,    Baltimore,    Boston,    Bowdoin,    Brown, 
California,  C.  C.  N.   Y.,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Colby,   Colgate, 


Honorary  Societies.  103 

Colorado,  Colorado  College,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth, 
DePauw,  Dickinson,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  Hamilton,  Har- 
vard, Haverford,  Hobart,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Iowa  College  (Grinnell), 
Johns  Hopkins,  Kansas,  Kenyon,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Marietta, 
Michigan,  Middlebury,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mt.  Holyoke, 
Nebraska,  New  York,  North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Oberlin, 
Ohio,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Princeton,  Rochester, 
Rutgers,  Smith,  Stanford,  St.  Lawrence,  Swarthmore,  Syracuse, 
Texas,  Tufts,  Tulane,  Union,  Vanderbilt,  Vassar,  Vermont, 
Virginia,  Wabash,  Wellesley,  Wesleyan,  Western  Reserve, 
William  and  Mary,  Williams,  Wisconsin,  Yale. 

The  badge  was  at  first  a  square  silver  medal  bearing  on  one 
side  the  letters  S.  P.  and  on  the  other  the  Greek  letters  of  the 
society's  name.  Early  in  the  northern  history  of  the  order 
the  familiar  watch  key  pattern  of  the  present  day  was  adopted. 
On  one  side  are  the  Greek  letters,  which  stand  for  the  words 
Philosophia  Biou  Kubernetes,  Philosophy  the  Guide  of  Life, 
and  a  hand  pointing  to  one  or  more  stars,  symbolic  of  the  so- 
ciety's lofty  aspirations.  The  reverse  bears  the  letters  S.  P., 
which  means  Societas  Philosophica,  the  owner's  name,  college 
and  class.  The  date  of  founding,  December  5,  1776,  appears 
on  either  side  as  taste  dictates.  Sometimes  the  S  and  P  are 
arranged  in  a  monogram,  again  side  by  side  within  a  laurel 
wreath.  There  is  no  general  rule  governing  the  number  of 
stars.  The  original  number  was  three.  Seven  appeal  to  many 
chapters  as  the  symbol  of  completeness,  but  certain  states 
prefer  to  have  each  new  branch  add  a  star  to  the  constellation. 
The  number  varies  greatly  from  the  single  star  used  by  the 
chapter  at  the  University  of  Colorado  to  the  ten  required  by  the 
one  at  Rutgers  College. 


104  Honorary  Societies. 

Original  Colors-Green  and  Pink. 

(Never  formally  adopted  by  the  United  Chapters.) 

Next  Convention-Place  not  decided,  September,  1910. 

Sigma  XL 

November,  1886. 

Officers. 

President,  Frank  O.  Marvin,  C.  E.,  University  of  Kansas. 
Vice-President,   Thomas    H.    Macbride,    Ph.  D.,    Iowa    State 

University. 
Secretary,  Henry  B.  Ward,  Ph.  D.,  University  of  Nebraska. 
Treasurer,  James  F.  Kemp,  Ph.  D.,  Columbia  University. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Brown,  California,  Case,  Chicago,  Colorado,  Columbia,  Cornell, 
Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri, 
Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Pennsylvania,  Purdue, 
Rensselaer,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Union,  Washington  State, 
Wisconsin,  Worcester,  Yale. 

The  badge  is  a  gold  key  bearing  a  monogram  of  the  Sigma 
and  Xi  in  black  enamel.  The  seal  is  a  laurel  wreath  sur- 
rounding ten  stars  and  a  lamp  of  research. 

Colors-Electric  Blue  and  White. 

Next  Convention-Boston,  December  27-31,  1909. 

(t  Phi  Kappa  Phi. 

July  14,  1897. 

Officers. 

President,  George  E.  Fellows,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Orono,  Me. 
Secretary,  S.  Francis  Howard,  M.  S.,  Amherst,  Mass. 


Honorary  Societies.  105 

Registrar,  James  S.  Stevens,  M.  S.,  LL.  D.,  Orono,  Me. 
Treasurer,  Benjamin  Gill,  M.  A.,  D.  D.,  State  College,  Pa. 

Chapter  Roll. 

Delaware,  Maine,    Mass.    Agricultural,    Pennsylvania    College, 
Tennessee. 

The  badge,  which  may  be  worn  as  a  pendant,  pin,  or  medal, 
is  a  flattened  globe,  bearing  the  letters  Phi  Kappa  Phi  and  sur- 
rounded by  the  rays  of  the  sun  arranged  in  eight  groups.  The 
seal  is  a  facsimile  of  the  badge  surrounded  by  a  circle,  above 
which  is  a  row  of  stars  to  indicate  the  number  of  chapters,  and 
below  the  words,  "Founded  1897".  The  ribbon  of  the  fraternity 
is  white  bearing  in  black  the  letters  of  the  fraternity  and  the 
walls  of  Troy.  The  gown  is  of  black  with  the  ribbon  on  the 
front  edge  of  the  sleeves. 

Colors-Black  and  White. 

Next  Convention-Place  not  decided,  September,  1910. 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha. 

August  25,  1902. 
Officers. 

President,  Winfield  S.  Hall,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  Northwestern  Uni- 
versity Medical  School. 

Vice-President,  Walter  B.  Cannon,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Harvard 
Medical  School. 

Secretary-Treasurer,  William  W.  Root,  B.  S.,  M.  D.,  170 
Baldwin  Ave.,  Detroit. 


106  Honorary  Societies. 

Chapter  Roll. 

California,  Chicago,  Columbia,  Harvard,  Illinois,  Jefferson,  Johns 
Hopkins,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Northwestern,  Pennsylvania, 
Toronto,  Washington,  Western  Reserve. 

The  badge  is  a  watch  key  bearing  the  society's  letters  and 
the  year  of  founding. 

Next  Convention-With  American  Medical  Association. 


Honorary  Associations.  107 


THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  COLLEGIATE  ALUMNAE. 

November,  1881. 

General  Officers. 

President,  Laura  D.  Gill,  1326  19th  St.,  Washington. 
Sec.-Treas.,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  L.  Clarke,  Williamstown,  Mass. 
Bursar,  Mrs.  Charles  T.  YanWinkle,  319  I  St.,  Salt  Lake  City. 

Roll. 

Barnard,  Boston,  Bryn  Mawr,  California,  Chicago,  Cornell, 
Illinois,  Kansas,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Michigan,  Minnesota, 
Missouri,  Nebraska  Northwestern,  Oberlin,  Radcliffe,  Smith, 
Stanford,  Syracuse,  Vassar,  Wellesley,  Wesley  an,  Western 
Reserve,  Wisconsin. 

Branches. 

Albany,  Ann  Arbor,  Binghampton,  Boise,  Boston,  Buffalo, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Columbia  (Mo.),  Columbus, 
Denver,  Des  Moines,  Detroit,  Duluth,  Fall  River,  Huntington, 
Indianapolis,  Kansas  City,  Lawrence,  Lincoln,  Los  Angeles, 
Madison,  Milwaukee,  Minneapolis,  New  Haven,  New  York, 
Norfolk,  Omaha,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Portland  (Ore.), 
Providence,  San  Bernardino,  San  Francisco,  San  Jose,  Seattle, 
Springfield  (111.),  Springfield  (Mo.),  St.  Louis,  St.  Paul,  Syracuse, 
Tacoma,  Urbana  (111.),  Washington. 

Annual  Meeting-Cincinnati,  October  26-30,  1909. 


108  Honorary  Associations. 


SOUTHERN  ASSOCIATION   OF  COLLEGE  WOMEN. 

July,  1903. 
Officers. 

President,   Mrs.  Emma  G.  Boyd,  194  Washington  St.,  Atlanta. 

Vice-Presidents,  Caroline  Carpenter,  Nashville,  Annie  M. 
Dimmick,  Montgomery,  Ala.,  Adele  Monroe,  New  Orleans, 
Beall  Martin,  Atlanta. 

Sec.-Treas.,  Eula  Deaton,  123  Oakland  St.,  San  Antonio,  Tex. 

Roll. 

Agnes  Scott,  Alabama,  Baltimore,  Barnard,  Boston,  Bryn 
Mawr,  California,  Chicago,  Cornell,  George  Washington,  Illi- 
nois, Kansas,  Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  Mass.  Inst.  Technology, 
Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Northwestern, 
Newcomb,  Oberlin,  RadclirTe,  Randolph-Macon,  Smith,  Syracuse, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Vanderbilt,  Vassar,  Wellesley,  Wesleyan, 
Western  Reserve,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin. 

Chapters. 

Atlanta,  Birmingham,  Baltimore,  Knoxville,  Little  Rock, 
Montgomery,  Nashville,  New  Orleans,  Oxford,  Raleigh,  Rich- 
mond. 

Annual  Meeting-Atlanta,  April,  1910. 


Statistical  Data.  109 

STATISTICAL  DATA. 

Coeducational  Colleges. 

With  the  exception  of  Oberlin  College  and  Bates  College 
which  are  opposed  to  fraternity  life  in  any  form,  and  Ohio 
Wesleyan  University  and  Colorado  College,  which  admit  fra- 
ternities but  frown  upon  local  societies  among  the  women, 
there  are  practically  no  prominent  coeducational  colleges  closed 
to  sororities.  The  seventy-two  institutions  in  the  following  list, 
to  be  sure,  make  up  only  one-fifth  of  the  entire  number  of  co- 
educational colleges  mentioned  by  the  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Education,  but  of  the  other  four-fifths  many  are  so 
far  from  attaining  the  standards  set  by  the  best  colleges  that 
the  sororities  are  not  ready  to  recognize  them.  Others  that 
are  of  high  grade  have  such  a  limited  enrolment  of  women  that 
sorority  chapters  seem  unfeasible. 

Adelphi  College. 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1896;  Women  admitted  1896; 
Valuation*  $750,000;  Endowment  $113,000;  Faculty  30, 
Men  19,  Women  11;  Students  491,  Men  69,  Women  422;  Tuition 
$180;  Expensesf  $300;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A.,  B.  S. 

Motto-The  truth  shall  make  us  free.  Colors-Brown  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1905,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1907,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta; 
1908,  Delta  Gamma, 

♦Grounds,  Buildings,  Apparatus. 

fAverage  annual  cost  to  students  in  addition  to  tuition. 


110  Statistical  Data. 

Adrian  College. 

Adrian,  Mich. 

Methodist  Protestant;  Opened  1859;  Women  admitted 
1859;  Valuation  $250,000;  Endowment  $100,000;  Faculty  24, 
Men  15,  Women  9;  Students  195,  Men  105,  Women  90;  Tuition 
$15;  Expenses  $200;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  L.,  B.  M., 
M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  M. 

Motto-Let  the  truth  shine.  Colors-Canary  and  Black. 

Sororities- 1882,   Kappa   Kappa   Gamma;    1890,   Delta   Delta  Delta. 

University  of  Alabama. 

University,  Ala. 

State;  Opened  1831;  Women  admitted  1893;  Valuation 
$350,000;  Endowment  $2,000,000;  Faculty  56;  Students  471, 
Men  431,  Women  40;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses  $150;  Degrees, 
A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  M.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Crimson  and  White. 

Sororities-1904,  Kappa  Delta;  1907,  Alpha  Delta  Phi. 

Albion  College. 

Albion,  Mich. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  as  Seminary  1843;  as  College 
1861;  Women  admitted  1843;  Valuation  $250,000;  Endowment 


Statistical  Data.  Ill 

$280,000;  Faculty  26,  Men,  16,  Women  10;  Students  450,  Men 
245,  Women  205;  Tuition  $30;  Expenses  $250;  Degree,  B.  A. 

Motto  Lux  Fiat.  Colors-Pink  and  Green. 

Sororities- 1883,  Delta  Gamma:   1887,  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 

Allegheny  College. 

Meadville,  Pa. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1815;  Women  admitted 
1872;  Valuation  $400,000;  Endowment  $550,000;  Faculty  20, 
Men  16,  Women  4;  Students  323,  Men  201,  Women,  122; 
Tuition  $60;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Navy  Blue  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1882,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1888,  Kappa  Kappa^Gamma; 
1891,  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 

University  of  Arkansas. 

Fayetteville,  Ark. 

State;  Opened  1871;  Women  admitted  in  1871;  Valua- 
tion $1,000,000;  Endowment  $130,000;  Faculty  75,  Men  60, 
Women  15;  Students  1200,  Men  800,  Women  400;  Tuition  Free; 
Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  C.  E.,  M.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  E., 
E.  E.,  B.  Mus. 

Motto-None.  Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities- 1895,  Chi  Omega;    1903,  Zeta  Tau  Alpha. 


112  Statistical  Data. 

Baker  University. 

Baldwin,  Kan. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1858;  Women  admitted  1858; 
Valuation  $348,891;  Endowment  $101,573;  Faculty  32,  Men  20, 
Women  12;  Students  724,  Men  351,  Women  373;  Tuition  $40; 
Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Let  him  be  first  a  man.  Color-Cadmium. 

Sororitie^l895,  Delta  Delta  Delta;   1908,  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 


Bethany  College. 

Bethany,  W.  Va, 

Christian;  Opened  1841;  Women  admitted  1881;  Val- 
uation $200,000;  Endowment  $125,000;  Faculty  18,  Men  14, 
Women  4;  Students  256,  Men  190,  Women  66;  Tuition  $36; 
Expenses  $160;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  B.  S.,  B.  L. 

Motto-None.  Colors-White  and  Green. 

Sororities-1903,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;   1905,  Zeta  Tail  Alpha. 

Boston  University. 

Boston,  Mass. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1873;  Women  admitted  1873; 
Valuation  $840,000;  Endowment  $1,131,586;  Faculty  158,  Men 
154,  Women  4;  Students  1600,  Men  1119,  Women  481;  Tuition 


Statistical  Data.  113 

$125;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  S.  B.,  S.  T.  B.,  S.  T.  D., 
LL.  B.,  J.  B.,  LL.  M.  J.  M.,  J.  D.,  LL.D.,  M.  D.,  M.  B.,  Ch.  B., 
A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Scarlet  and  White. 

Sororities-1882,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1883,  Alpha  Phi;  1887, 
Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1888,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1896,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1904, 
Sigma  Kappa;  1898,  Epsilon  Tau  (Med.) 

Buchtel  College. 

Akron,  0. 

Universalist;  Opened  1872;  Women  admitted  1872;  Valua- 
tion $200,000;  Endowment  $175,000;  Faculty  17,  Men  11,  Wom- 
en 6;  Students  241,  Men  115,  Women  126;  Tuition  $40;  Expenses 
$160;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  S.  B. 

Motto-Let  there  be  light.  Colors-Navy  Blue  and  Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1877,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1879,  Delta  Gamma. 

Butler  College. 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 

Christian;  Opened  1855;  Women  admitted  1855;  Valuation 
$300,000;  Endowment  $450,000;  Faculty  17,  Men  14,  Women  3; 
Students  464,  Men  236,  Women  228;  Tuition  $45;  Expenses 
$200;  Degrees  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Blue  and  White. 

Sororities- 1874,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1878,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma; 
1879,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 


114  Statistical  Data. 

University  of  California. 

Berkeley,  Cal. 

State;  Opened  1869;  Women  admitted  1869;  Valuation 
$3,771,388.87;  Endowment  $3,568,835.42;  Faculty  487,  Men 
447,  Women  40;  Students  3450,  Men  2193,  Women  1257; 
Tuition  Free;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  L.,  B.  S., 
M.  A.  M.  S.,  M.  L.,  Ph.  D.,  M.  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  Mech.  E.,  M.  D., 
LL.  B.,  D.  D.  S.,  Pharm.  B.,  Ph.  C. 

Motto-Let  there  be  light.  Colors- Blue  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1880,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1890,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta; 
1896,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1900,  Delta  Delta  Delta,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1901, 
Alpha  Phi;  1902,  Chi  Omega;  1907,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi,  Delta  Gamma; 
1909,  Alpha  Chi  Omega;   1905,  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Med.) 

Cincinnati  University. 

Cincinnati,  O. 

City;  Opened  1819;  Women  admitted  1874;  Valuation 
$3,357,308;  Endowment  $951,936;  Faculty  150,  Men  130, 
Women  20;  Students  1298,  Men  622,  Women  676;  Tuition  Free; 
Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-Alta  Petit.  Colors-Scarlet  and  Black. 

Sorority-1892,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

University  of  Colorado. 

Boulder,  Col. 

State;  Opened  1877;  Women  admitted  1877;  Valuation 
$900,000;  Endowment  None;  Faculty  135,  Men  123,  Women  12; 


Statistical  Data.  115 

Students  1041,  Men  683,  Women  358;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses 
$300;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  C.  E.,  E.  E., 
M.  E.,  M.  D.,  LL.  B. 

Motto-Let  your  light  shine.  Colors-Silver  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1884,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1885,  Delta  Gamma;  1901,  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma;   1906,  Chi  Omega;   1907,  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 

Cornell  University. 

Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1868;  Women  admitted  1872;  Valua- 
tion $6,000,000;  Endowment  $8,500,000;  Faculty  580,  Men  573, 
Women  7;  Students  3985,  Men  3584,  Women  401;  Tuition  $100; 
Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  B.,  M.  D., 
D.  V.  M.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  M.  C.  E.,  M.  M.  E.,  B.  S.  in  Arch.,  M.  S. 
in  Arch.,  B.  S.  in  Agr.,  M.  S.  in  Agr. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Carnelian  and  White. 

Sororities-1881,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1883,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma; 
1885,  Delta  Gamma:  1889,  Alpha  Phi;  1908,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;  1909, 
Delta  Zeta;    1903,  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Med.) 

University  of  Denver. 

University  Park,  Colo 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1864;  Women  admitted  1880; 
Valuation  $300,000;  Endowment  $380,000;  Faculty  160,  Men 
150,  Women  10;  Students  1324,  Men  682,  Women  642;  Tuition 
$45;  Expenses  $200,  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Red  and  Yellow. 

Sororities-1885,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1897,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1908,  Sigma 
Kappa. 


116  Statistical  Data 

DePauw  University. 

Greencastle,  Ind. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1837;  Women  admitted  1867; 
Valuation  $475,000;  Endowment  $550,000;  Faculty  42,  Men  27, 
Women  15;  Students  1006,  Men  484,  Women  515;  Tuition  $50; 
Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Decus  Lumenque  Reipublicae  Collegium.  Color-Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1870,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1875,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma; 
1885,  Alpha  Chi  Omega;  1888,  Alpha  Phi;  1907,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi, 
1908,  Delta  Delta  Delta,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta;  1909,  Delta  Zeta. 

Dickinson  College. 

Carlisle,  Pa. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1783;  Women  admitted  1883;  Valua- 
tion $850,000;  Endowment  $375,000;  Faculty  32;  Students  580, 
Men  483,  Women  97;  Tuition  $6.25;  Expenses  $275;  Degrees, 
A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Red  and  White. 

Sororities-1903,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1907,  Chi  Omega. 

Drury  College. 

Springfield,  Mo. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1873;  Women  admitted  187-3;  Valua- 
tion $550,000;  Endowment  $400,000;  Faculty  24,  Men  21, 
Women  3;  Students  193,  Men  99,  Women  94;  Tuition  $40; 
Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  S.  M. 

Motto-Christo  et  Humanitati.  Colors-Scarlet  and  Gray. 

Sorority-1909,  Zeta  Tau  Alpha. 


Statistical  Data.  117 

Franklin  College. 

Franklin,  Ind. 

Baptist;  Opened  1837;  Women  admitted  1869;  Valua- 
tion $176,090;  Endowment  $293,375;  Faculty  15,  Men  8, 
Women  7;  Students  320,  Men  134,  Women  186;  Tuition  $63; 
Expenses  $160;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  Ph.  B.,  M.  B. 

Motto-Christianity  and  Culture.  Colors-Navy  Blue  and  Old  Gold. 

Sorority-1888,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 

George  Washington  University. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1821;  Women  admitted  1884; 
Valuation  $1,200,000;  Endowment  $300,000;  Faculty  185; 
Students  1508;  Men  1258,  Women  250;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  C.  E.,  E.  E., 
M.  E.,  M.  D.,  Pharm.  G.,  LL.  B. 

Motto-Deus  Nobis  Fiducia.  Colors-Continental  Buff  and  Blue. 

Sororities- 1889,  Pi  Beta  Phi;   1903,  Chi  Omega;  1906,  Sigma  Kappa. 

Hillsdale  College. 

Hillsdale,  Mich. 

Free  Baptist;  Opened  1855;  Women  admitted  1855;  Valua- 
tion $120,098;  Endowment  $251,983;  Faculty  23,  Men  16, 
Women  7;  Students  360,  Men  140,  Women  220;  Tuition  $27; 
Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  B.  Pd. 

Motto-Virtus  Tentamine  Gaudet.  Colors-Ultramarine  Blue. 

Sororities- 1880,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1887,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 


118  Statistical  Data. 

University  of  Illinois. 

Urbana,  111. 

State;  Opened  1868;  Women  admitted  1870;  Valuation 
$3,500,000;  Endowment  $645,000;  Faculty  482,  Men  442, 
Women  40;  Students  4316,  Men  3400,  Women  916;  Tuition 
Free;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D., 
B.  L.  S.,   LL.  B.,  M.  D.,  M.  E.,  C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  Arch.,  M.  Agr. 

Motto-Learning  and  Labor.  Colors-Orange  and  Blue. 

Sororities-1895,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1896,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1899, 
Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1899,  Alpha  Chi  Omega;  1900,  Chi  Omega; 
1905,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;  1906,  Sigma  Kappa,  Delta  Gamma;  1898,  Alpha 
Epsilon  Iota  (Med.) 


Illinois  Wesleyan  University. 

Bloomington,  111. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1850;  Women  admitted  1877; 
Valuation  $140,000;  Endowment  $118,161;  Faculty  45,  Men  30, 
Women  15;  Students  970,  Men  500,  Women  470;  Tuition  $51; 
Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.-,  LL.  B.; 
B.  M. 

Motto-Scientia  et  Sapientia.  Colors-Green  and  White. 

Sororities-1873,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1906,  Sigma  Kappa;  1908, 
Kappa  Delta. 


Statistical  Data.  119 

University  of  Indiana. 

Bloomington,  Ind. 

State;  Opened  1824;  Women  admitted  1867;  Valuation 
$800,000;  Endowment  $700,000;  Faculty  82,  Men  77,  Women  5; 
Students  2470,  Men  1525,  Women  945;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.;  M.  D. 

Motto-Lux  Et  Veritas.  Colors-Green  and  Crimson. 

Sororities-1870,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1872,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma; 
1893,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1898,   Delta  Gamma;   1909,  Delta  Zeta. 

Iowa  State  College. 

Ames,  la. 

State;  Opened  1868;  Women  admitted  1868;  Valuation 
$2,323,012;  Endowment  $686,778;  Faculty  177,  Men  122, 
Women  55;  Students  1766,  Men  1597,  Women  169;  Tuition 
Free;  Expenses  200;  Degrees,  B.  S.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  D.  V.  M., 
M.  S.  A.,  M.  S.,  M.  A.  E., 

Motto-Science  with  Practice.  Colors-Cardinal  and  Gold. 

Sorority-1877,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1908,  Kappa  Delta. 

University  of  Iowa. 

Iowa  City,  la. 

State;  Opened  1847;  Women  admitted  1847;  Valuation 
$3,000,000;  Endowment  $235,000;  Faculty  150,  Men  143,  Wom- 
en 7;  Students  2472,  Men   1598,  Women  874;  Tuition  $20; 


120  Statistical  Data. 

Expenses  $200;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D., 
LL.  B.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  Ph.  G.,  Ph.  C. 

Motto-None.  Color-Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1882,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1882,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1887, 
Delta  Gamma;   1904,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Iowa  Wesleyan  University. 

Mt.  Pleasant,  la. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1844;  Women  admitted  1844; 
Valuation  $160,000;  Endowment  $61,000;  Faculty  28,  Men  16, 
Women  12;  Students  400;  Men  210,  Women  190;  Tuition  $45; 
Expenses  $200;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  Ph.  B.,  Litt.  B. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Blue  and  White. 

Sororities-1868,  Pi  Beta  Phi;   1902,  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

University  of  Kansas. 

Lawrence,  Kans. 

State;  Opened  1866;  Women  admitted  1866;  Valuation 
$1,500,000;  Endowment  $150,000;  Faculty  140,  Men  121, 
Women  19;  Students  2210,  Men  1364,  Women  846;  Tuition  $10; 
Expenses  $260;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.B., 
C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  E.,  Ph.  G.,  Mus.  B. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Harvard  Crimson  and  Yale  Blue. 

Sororities-1873,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1881,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1883,  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma  1902,  Chi  Omega. 


Statistical  Data.  121 

University  of  Kentucky. 

Lexington,  Ky. 

State;  Opened  1866;  Women  admitted  0000;  Valuation 
,000,000;  Endowment  $300,000;  Faculty  52,  Men  47,  Women 
5;  Students  468,  Men  398,  Women  70;  Tuition  Free;  Degrees 
B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S. 

Motto-None.  Colors-None. 

Sororities-1908,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

Knox  College. 

Galesburg,  111. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1840;  Women  admitted  1845; 
Valuation  $273,918.71;  Endowment  $300,000;  Faculty  31, 
Men  18,  Women  13;  Students  607,  Men  165,  Women  442; 
Tuition  $60;  Expenses  $230;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Purple  omd  Old  Gold. 

Sororities- 1884,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1889,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Lawrence  College. 

Appleton,  Wis. 

Interdenominational;  Opened  as  seminary  1849;  Chartered 

as  a  college  1853;  Women  admitted  1849;  Valuation  $460,000; 

Endowment  $630,000;  Faculty  40,  Men  25,  Women  15;  Students 

415,    Men   233,    Women    182;   Tuition   $50;    Expenses   $250; 

Degree,  A.  B. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Yale  Blue  and  White. 

Sorority-1908,  Alpha  Delta  Phi. 


122  Statistical  Data. 

Leland  Stanford,  Jr.,  University. 

Palo  Alto,  Cal. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1891;  Women  admitted  1891;  Valua- 
tion $30,000,000;  Endowment  $25,000,000;  Faculty  136,  Men 
130,  Women  6;  Students  1600,  Men  1100,  Women  500;  Tuition 
$10;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  B.,  M.  E., 
E.  E. 

Motto-None.  Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities- 1891,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1892,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma; 
1893,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1897,  Delta  Gamma;  1899,  Alpha  Phi;  1905,  Gamma 
Phi  Beta;  1909,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Lombard  College. 

Galesburg,  111. 

Uni versalist ;  Opened  1851;  Women  admitted  1851;  Valua- 
tion $160,000;  Endowment  $275,000;  Faculty  16,  Men  14, 
Women  2;  Students  108,  Men  52,  Women  56;  Tuition  $60; 
Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  B.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Gold  and  Olive. 

Sororities-1873,  Pi  Beta  Phi;   1893,  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

University  of  Louisiana. 

Baton  Rouge,  La. 

State;   Opened    1860;   Women   admitted    1890;   Valuation 

$1,000,000;    Endowment    $1,000,000;    Faculty    38,    Men    37, 

Women  1;  Students  426,  Men  495,  Women  31;  Tuition  Free; 

Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  E. 

Motto-None.  Colors-None. 

Sororities-1908,  Phi  Mu  Gamma,  Kappa  Delta. 


Statistical  Data.  123 

University  of  Maine. 

Orono,  Me. 

State;  Opened  1868;  Women  admitted  1872;  Valuation 
$339,000;  Endowment  $218,300;  Faculty  90,  Men  86,  Women 
4;  Students  884,  Men  854,  Women  30;  Tuition  $60;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  LL.  B.,  Ph.  C,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  LL.  M., 

C.  E.,  M.  E.,  E.  E. 

Motto-None.  Color-Light  Blue. 

Sorority-1908,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi. 

Miami  University. 

Oxford,  O. 

State;    Opened    1824;   Women   admitted    1892;   Valuation 

$560,000;  Income  1908-09  $150,000;  Faculty  45,  Men  38,  Women 

7;  Students  535,  Men  320,  Women  215;  Tuition  $30;  Expenses 

$300;  Degree  A.  B. 

Motto-Prodesse  Quam  Conspici.  Colors-Red  and  White. 

Sorority-1902,  Delta  Zeta. 

University  of  Michigan. 

Ann  Arbor,  Mich. 

State;  Opened  1841;  Women  admitted  1870;  Valuation 
$2,851,378;  Endowment  $1,172,946;  Faculty  344,  Men  335, 
Women  9;  Students  5082,  Men  4258,  Women  724;  Tuition  $20; 
Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  D.  S.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-Artes,  Scientia,  Veritas.  Colors-Maize  and  Blue. 

Sororities-1879,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1882,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1885 
Delta  Gamma;  1888,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1890,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1892, 
Alpha  Phi;    1898,  Alpha  Chi  Omega;    1906,  Chi  Omega;    1890,  Alpha 


124  Statistical  Data. 

Epsilon   Iota,   (Med.);    1903,  Sigma  Alpha  Iota,f(Mus.)   1904,  Mu  Phi 
Epsilon,  (Mus.). 

In  addition  to  the  national  sororities  there  is  a  loca1  society  called 
Sorosis,  established  in  1886.  It  is  non-secret,  being  a  branch  of  New 
York  Sorosis,  which  was  founded  in  1868.  Its  aims  and  methods,  however, 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  its  rivals.  The  total  membership  is  200, 
the  average  active  membership  20,  the  average  annual  initiation  6. 
The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  an  Old  English  S  and  a  simple  C  jewelled. 
The  pledge  pin  is  an  oval  of  rose  gold  bearing  a  C  linked  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  S.     The  colors  are  yellow  and  white. 


University  of  Minnesota. 

Minneapolis,  Minn. 

State;  Opened  1869;  Women  admitted  1869;  Valuation 
,550,000;  Endowment  $1,400,000;  Faculty  239,  Men  218, 
Women  21;  Students  4846,  Men  3418,  Women  1438;  Tuition 
$20;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D.,  ^l>.  B., 
C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  E.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  B.  Pharm.,  B.  S  ,  B.  Ag., 
M.  Ag.,  A.  C. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Maroon  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1880,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1882,  Delta  Gamma;  1889, 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1890,  Alpha  Phi;  1890,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1894,  Delta 
Delta  Delta;  1902,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1907,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;  1908,  Alpha 
Gamma  Delta;   1901,  Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Med.). 


Statistical  Data  125 

University  of  Mississippi. 

Oxford,  Miss. 

State;  Opened   1848;  Women  admitted   1882;  Valuation 
$1,450,000;  Endowment  $700,000;  Faculty  28,  Men  27,  Women 
1;   Students   344,   Men   282,   Women   62;   Tuition   Free;   Ex- 
enses  $150;   Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  B.  E.,  M.  A.,  LL.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Red.  and  Blue. 

Sororities-1899,  Chi  Omega;  1904,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

University  of  Missouri. 

Columbia,  Mo. 

State;  Opened '1840;  Women  admitted  1869;  Valuation 
$3,488,4o4;  Endowment  $1,257,838;  Faculty  172,  Men  164, 
Women  8;  Students  2854,  Men  2076,  Women  778;  Tuition  Free; 
Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  B., 
M.  I      C.  E.,  M.  E.,  E.  E. 

Mottc  None.  Colors-Old  Gold  and  Black. 

Sororities-1875,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1899,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1909, 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta,  Delta  Gamma. 

University  of  Montana. 

Missoula,  Mont. 

State;    Opened    1895;   Women   admitted    1895;   Valuation 

$350,000;  Endowment  $850,000;  Faculty  25,  Men  18.  Women 

7;  Students  184,  Men  83,  Women  101;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses 

$300;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S. 

Motto-Xone.  Colors-Xone. 

Sororities-1909,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta. 


126  Statistical  Data. 

Mt.  Union  College. 

Alliance,  O. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1846;  Women  admitted  1846; 

Valuation  $325,000;  Endowment  $122,000;  Faculty  29,  Men  18, 

Women  11;  Students  524,  Men  250,  Women  274;  Tuition  $54; 

Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S. 

Motto-Sit  Lux.  Color-Royal  Purple. 

Sororities-1902,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;   1909,  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha. 

University  of  Nashville. 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Nonsectarian;     Opened     1875;     Women     admitted     1875; 

Valuation  $250,000;  Endowment  $70,000;  Faculty  41,  Men  6, 

Women  35;  Students  1031,  Men  629,  Women  404;  Tuition  $15; 

Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  B.  L.,  M.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Garnet  and  Blue. 

Sorority- 190 4,  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma. 

University  of  Nebraska. 

Lincoln,  Neb. 

State;   Opened    1869;   Women   admitted    1869;   Valuat: 
$1,800,000;    Endowment    $700,000;    Faculty    246,    Men    18o, 
Women  61;  Students  3611,  Men  2077,  Women  1534;  Tuition 
Free;  Expenses  $225;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  Mv  Ph.  D., 
LL.  B.,M.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Scarlet  and  Cream. 

Sororities-1884,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1887,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta; 
1888,  Delta  Gamma;  1895,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1896,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1903, 
Chi  Omega;  1904,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;  1906,  Alpha  Phi;  1907,  Alpha 
Chi  Omega. 


Statistical  Data.  127 

New  York  University. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1831;  Women  admitted  *1886; 
Valuation  $3,200,000;  Endowment  $1,085,000;  Faculty  259, 
Men  242,  Women  17;  Students  4200,  Men  3280,  Women  920; 
Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  B.  C.  S., 
M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  Pd.  M.,  Pd.  D.,  LL.  B.,  LL.  M.,  J.  D.,  M.  D., 
D.  V.  S.  C.  E. 

*The  undergraduate  college  proper  is  not  open  to  women. 

Motto-Per stare  Et  Praestare.  Color-Violet. 

Sorority- 1900,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi. 


Northwestern  University. 

Evanston,  111. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  opened  1855;  Women  admitted  1873; 

Valuation   $9,038,604;   Endowment   $7,070,139;   Faculty   445- 

en  403,  Women  42;  Students  3668,  Men  2325,  Women  1343, 

Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $450;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.; 

M.  S.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-Quaecumque  Sunt  Vera.  Color-Royal  Purple. 

Sororities-1881,  Alpha  Phi;  1882,  Delta  Gamma,  Kappa  Kappa  Gam- 
ma; 1887,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1888,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1890,  Alpha 
Chi  Omega;  1894,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1895,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1901,  Chi 
Omega;  1907,  Kappa  Delta;  1909,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;  1904,  Sigma 
Alpha  Iota  (Mus.). 


128  Statistical  Data. 

Ohio  State  University. 

Columbus,  O. 

State;   Opened    1872;   Women   admitted    1872;   Valuation 

$4,010,000;    Endowment    $830,000;    Faculty    209,    Men    193, 

Women  16;  Students  3050,  Men  2550,  Women  500;  Tuition  Free; 

Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  C.  E.,  M.  E., 

E.  M.,  LL.  B.,  LL.  M.,  D.  V.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Scarlet  and  Gray. 

Sororities- 1888,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1892,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta; 
1894,  Pi  Beta  Phi;   1896,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Ohio  University. 

Athens,  O. 

State;  Opened  1804;  Women  admitted  1870;  Valuation 
$1,500,000;  Endowment  $200,000;  Faculty  53,  Men  33,  Women 
20;  Students  1462,  Men  653,  Women  809;  Tuition  Free;  Ex- 
penses $200;  Degrees  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S.,  B.  Ped. 

Motto-Prae  Omnibus  Virtus.  Colors-Olive  Green  and  White. 

Sorority-1889,  Pi  Beta  Phi;   1908,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta. 

University  of  Oklahoma. 

Norman,  Okla. 

State;   Opened    1893;   Women   admitted    1893;   Valuation 

$400,000;  Endowment  $3,670,000;  Faculty  54,  Men  44,  Women 

10;  Students  646,  Men  410,  Women  236;  Tuition  Free;  Degrees, 

B.  A.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  G. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Crimson  and  Cream. 

Sorority-1909,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta. 


Statistical  Data.  129 

University  of  Oregon. 

Eugene,  Ore. 

State;  Opened  1877;  Women  admitted  1877;  Valuation 
$1,000,050.57;  Endowment  $50,000;  Faculty  102,  Men  95, 
Women  7;  Students  827,  Men  532,  Women  295;  Tuition  Free; 
Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.; 
Mech.  E.,  M.  D.,  LL.  B., 

Motto-Mind  Moves  Mass.  Colors-Lemon  Yellow  and  Green. 

Sororities-1908,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1909,  Chi  Omega,  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta. 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1740;  Women  admitted  1876*;  Valua- 
tion $16,000,000;  Endowment  $8,000,000;  Faculty,  454; 
Students  4570;  Men  4170,  Women  400;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses 
$350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  C.  E.,  M.  E., 
LL.  B.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S.,  V.  M.  D. 

*A11  undergraduate  departments  are  not  open  to  women. 

Motto-Literae  Sine  Moribus  Vanae.       Colors-Crimson  and  Navy  Blue. 
Sororities-1890,   Kappa   Kappa  Gamma;    1904,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Simpson  College. 

Indianola,  la. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1867;  Women  admitted 
1867;  Valuation  $133,000;  Endowment  $90,211;  Faculty  46; 
Men  27,  Women   19;  Students  929,   Men  458,  Women  471; 


130  Statistical  Data. 

Tuition  $41;  Expenses  $125;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  Ph.  B.,  B. 
Mus.  A.  M.,  Ph.  M.,  M.  S. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Red  and  Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1874,  Pi  Beta  Phi;    1889,  Delta  Delta  Delta;    1907,  Alpha 
Chi  Omega. 

University  of  South  Dakota. 

Vermilion,  S.  D. 

State;  Opened  1881;  Women  admitted  1881;  Valuation 
$500,000;  Endowment  $130,000;  Faculty  50,  Men  39,  Women 
11;  Students  454,  Men  274,  Women  180;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses 
$200;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  B.  Mus.,  LL.  B. 

Motto-Veritas.  Color-Vermilion. 

Sorority-1903,  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

University  of  Southern  California. 

Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1880;  Women  admitted  1880; 
Valuation  $300,000;  Endowment  $400,000;  Faculty  205,  Men 
189,  Women  16;  Students  1383,  Men  1013,  Women  370,  Tuition 
$70;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  LL.  B., 
LL.  M.,  D.  D.  S.,  B.  D.,  Ph.  G.,  C.  E.,  E.  E. 

Motto-Palmam  Qui  Meruit  Ferat.  Color-Gold. 

Sorority-1895,  Alpha  Chi  Omega. 


Statistical  Data.  131 

Southwestern  University. 

Georgetown,  Tex. 

Methodist  Episcopal  South;  Opened  1873;  Women  admitted 
1893;  Valuation  $300,000;  Endowment  $100,000;  Faculty  28, 
Men  19,  Women  9;  Students  455,  Men  219,  Women  236;  Tuition 
$63;  Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Xone. 

Sororities-1906,  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma;  1906,  Zeta  Tau  Alpha;  1907, 
Alpha  Delta  Phi;  1908,  Phi  Mu. 

St.  Lawrence  University. 

Canton,  N.  Y. 

Universalist;  Opened  1861;  Women  admitted  1861;  Valua- 
tion $200,000;  Endowment  $490,000;  Faculty  26,  Men  25, 
Women  1;  Students  455,  Men  352,  Women  103;  Tuition  $50; 
Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  B.  D.,  LL.  B. 

Motto-Fides  Et  Veritas.  Colors-Scarlet  and  Brown. 

Sorority-1891,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Swarthmore  College. 

Swart hmore,  Pa. 

Friends;  Opened  1869;  Women  admitted  1869;  Valuation 
$875,000;  Endowment  $973,000;  Faculty  32,  Men  26,  Women  6; 
Students  343,  Men  137,  Women  206;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses 
$300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  E.  E. 

Motto-None.  Color-Garnet. 

Sororities-1891,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1892,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1893,  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma. 


132  Statistical  Data. 

Syracuse  University. 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1871;  Women  admitted 
1871;  Valuation  $3,193,128;  Endowment  $2,081,450;  Faculty 
232,  Men  190,  Women  42;  Students  3201,  Men  1545,  Women 
1656;  Tuition  $108;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S., 
B.  Ar.,  B.  Mus.,  B.  L.,  B.  Pd.,  B.  L.  S.,  M.  D.,  LL.  B.,  C.  E., 
E.  E.,  M.  E. 

Motto-Suas  Cidtores  Scientia  Coronat.  Color-Orange. 

Sororities- 1872,  Alpha  Phi,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1883,  Kappa  Kappa 
Gamma;  1889,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1896,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1897,  Pi 
Beta  Phi;  1901,  Delta  Gamma;  1904,  Alpha  Xi  Delta,  Alpha  Gamma 
Delta;  1905,  Sigma  Kappa;  1907,  Alpha  Chi  Omega;  1900,  Zeta  Phi 
(Med.);  1905,  Mu  Phi  Epsilon  (Mus.). 


University  of  Tennessee. 

Knoxville,  Tenn. 

State;  Opened  1794;  Women  admitted  1893;  Valuation 
$762,500;  Endowment  $427,000;  Faculty  103,  Men  103,  Women 
5;  Students  973,  Men  731,  Women  242;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  B.  S.  A.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  M.  E.,  E.  E., 
C.  E.,  M.  S.  A.,  LL.  B.,  LL.  M.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S. 

Motto-Veritatem  Cognoscetis  Et  Veritas  Vos  Liber obit. 

Colors-Orange  and  White. 

Sororities- 1900,  Chi  Omega;    1902,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;    1904,  Zeta 
Tau  Alpha;  1908,  Phi  Mu. 


Statistical  Data.  133 

University  of  Texas. 

Austin,  Tex. 

State;  Opened  1883;  Women  admitted  1883;  Valuation 
$800,000;  Endowment  $2,000,000;  Faculty  120,  Men  105, 
Women  15;  Students  2273,  Men  1433,  Women  840;  Tuition 
Free;  Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A.,  C.  E.,  LL.B.,  M.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Orange  and  White. 

Sororities-1902,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1902,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1904, 
Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1904,  Chi  Omega;  1906,  Zeta  Tau  Alpha,  Alpha 
Delta  Phi. 

Toronto  University. 

Toronto,  Can. 

Government;  Opened  1843;  Women  admitted  1884; 
Valuation  $3,500,000;  Endowment  $5,800,000;  Faculty  223, 
Men  221,  Women  2;  Students  2333,  Men  1792,  Women  541; 
Tuition  $52;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A.,  Ph.  D., 
M.  B.,  M.  D.,  LL.  B.,  LL.  M.,  C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  E.,  D.  D.  S., 
B.  S.  A. 

Motto-Velut  Arbor  Aevo.  Colors-Azuret  Argent. 

Sororities-1887,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1906,  Alpha  Phi;  1908,  Pi 
Beta  Phi,  Zeta  Phi  (Med.). 


134  Statistical  Data. 

Transylvania  University. 

Lexington,  Ky. 

Christian;  Opened  1799;  Women  admitted  1889;  Valuation 

$452,000;  Endowment  $550,000;  Faculty  64,  Men  61,  Women 

3;  Students  1109,  Men  992,  Women  117;  Tuition  $30;  Expenses 

$200;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  LL.  B.,  LL.  D.,  M.  D. 

Motto-In  Lumine  Illo  Tradimus  Lumen.  Color-Crimson. 

Sororities-1903,  Chi  Omega;  1906,  Beta  Sigma  Omicron;  1908, 
Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Tufts  College. 

Tufts  College,  Mass. 

Universalist ;  Opened  1852;  Women  admitted  1892;  Valua- 
tion $2,500,000;  Endowment  $1,500,000;  Faculty  217,  Men 
214,  Women  3;  Students  1115,  Men  987,  Women  128;  Tuition 
$125;  Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  B.  D., 
M.  D.,  D.  M.  D. 

Motto-Pax  Et  Lux.  Colors-Brown  and  Blue. 

Sororities-1907,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;  1908,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;  1909, 
Zeta  Phi  (Med.). 

Union  University. 

Jackson,  Tenn. 

Baptist;  Opened  1845;  Women  admitted  1890;  Valuation 
$125,000;  Endowment  $175,000;  Faculty  20,  Men  13,  Women 
7;  Students  300,  Men  200,  Women  100;  Tuition  $60;  Expenses 

$150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Religio  et  Eruditio..  Colors-Cardinal  and  Cream. 

Sorority-1903,  Chi   Omega;    1909,  Sigma  Sigma   Sigma. 


Statistical  Data.  135 

Vanderbilt  University. 

Nashville,  Tenn. 

Methodist  Episcopal  South;  Opened  1875;  Women  admitted 
1888;  Valuation  $700,000;  Endowment  $1,500,000;  Faculty  10; 
Students  884,  Men  854,  Women  30;  Tuition  $100;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S.,  D.  Sc,  Ph.  D.,  B.  E., 
C.  E.,  M.  E.,  E.  M.,  E.  E. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Gold  and  Black. 

Sorority-1904,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta. 

University  of  Vermont. 

Burlington,  Vt. 

State;  Opened  1804;  Women  admitted  1871;  Valuation 
$1,038,500;  Endowment  $500,000;  Faculty  45;  Students  362, 
Men  297,  Women  65;  Tuition  $80;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees, 
A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  C.  E.,  E.  E.,  M.  E.,  M.  D. 

Motto-Studiis  Et  Rebus  Honestis.  Colors-Green  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1881,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1893,  Delta  Delta  Delta; 
1898,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 

University  of  Washington. 

Seattle,  Wash. 

State;  Opened  1861;  Women  admitted  1861;  Valuation 
$2,500,000;  Endowment  $3,000,000;  Faculty  96,  Men  93, 
Women  3;  Students  1846,  Men  1059,  Women  787;  Tuition  Free; 


136  Statistical  Data. 

Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  LL.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  E.,  C.  E., 
M.  E.,  E.  E.,  Forestry,  Pharm. 

Motto-Lux-Sit.  Colors-Purple  and  Gold. 

Sororities-1903,  Delta  Gamma;  1903,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1905,  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma,  1907,  Pi  Beta  Phi,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;  1908,  Kappa  Alpha 
Theta;   1909,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta,  Chi  Omega,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 

Washington  University. 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1859;  Women  admitted  1870;  Valua- 
tion $9,631,390.66;  Endowment  $7,800,821.96;  Faculty  169; 
Students  1058,  Men  710,  Women  348;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses 
$250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S.,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.  S., 
LL.  B.,  C.  E.,  M.  E.,  E.  E.,  Chem.  E.,  B.  Arch. 

Motto- Per  Veritatem  Vis.  Colors-Myrtle  and  Maroon. 

Sororities-1906,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;   1907,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 

Wesleyan  University. 

Middletown,  Conn. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1831;  Women  admitted  1872; 
Valuation  $973,250;  Endowment  $1,572,485;  Faculty  37,  Men 
36,  Women  1;  Students  328,  Men  303,  Women  25;  Tuition  $85; 
Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  A.,  M.  S. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Cardinal  and  Black. 

Sororities- 1895,    Delta    Delta    Delta;     1906,   Alpha   Gamma   Delta. 


Statistical  Data.  137 

University  of  West  Virginia. 

Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

State;   Opened   1867;  Women  admitted   1889;  Valuation, 

$769,000;  Endowment,  $115,769;  Faculty  84,  Men  72,  Women 

12;  Students  1257,  Men  700,  Women  557;  Tuition  $50;  Expenses 

$200;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  B.,  M.  E.,  C.  E. 

Motto-To-Faith  Virtue  and  to  Virtue  Knowledge. 

Colors-Old  Gold  and  Navy  Blue. 
Sororities-1905,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;    1905,  Chi  Omega;    1906,  Kappa 
Kappa  Gamma. 

University  of  Wisconsin. 

Madison,  Wis. 

State;  Opened  1850;  Women  admitted  1867;  Valuation 
$4,206,257.88;  Endowment  $700,000;  Faculty  397,  Men  368, 
Women  29;  Students  4521,  Men  3449,  Women  1172;  Tuition 
Free;  Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  B.  S.,  Ph.  B.,  M.  A.,  M.  S., 
Ph.  D. 

Motto-Numen  Lumen.  Color-Cardinal. 

Sororities-1875,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1881,  Delta  Gamma;  1884, 
Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1890,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1894,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1896, 
Alpha  Phi;  1898,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1902,  Chi  Omega;  1903,  Alpha  Chi 
Omega;   1904,  Alpha  Xi  Delta;   1905,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta. 

Wittenberg  College. 

Springfield,  O. 

Lutheran;  Opened  1845;  Women  admitted  1874;  Valuation 
$150,000;  Endowment  $350,000;  Faculty  21,  Men  19,  Women  2; 


138  Statistical  Data. 

Students  366,  Men  244,  Women  122;  Tuition  $50;  Expenses 
$200;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  D.,  M.  A. 

Motto-Having  Light  They  Will  Give  to  Others. 

Colors-Cardinal  and  Cream. 

Sorority-1904,  Alpha  Xi  Delta. 

Wooster  University. 

Wooster,  0. 

Presbyterian;  Opened  1870;  Women  admitted  1870;  Valua- 
tion $1,580,000;  Endowment  $705,000;  Faculty  40,  Men  29, 
Women  11;  Students  667,  Men  371,  Women  296;  Tuition  $45; 
Expenses  $150;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S. 

Motto-Ex  Uno  Fonte.  Colors  Old  Gold  and  Black. 

Sororities-1875,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;    1875,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma. 

Independent  Colleges  for  Women. 

Of  the  fourteen  independent  colleges  for  women  ranked 
as  "  A  "  by  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education, 
three,  The  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore,  Randolph-Macon 
Woman's  College  and  Wesleyan  College,  admit  sororities,  five, 
Elmira,  Smith,  Wellesley,  Mills  and  Mt.  Holyoke  sanction  local 
Greek  letter  societies  and  four,  Vassar,  Bryn  Mawr,  Wells  and 
Trinity  are  opposed  to  the  fraternity  system  in  any  form.  It 
does  not  seem  so  remarkable  a  circumstance  that  Vassar  and 
Wells,  established  before  sororities  had  gained  any  headway  or 


Statistical  Data.  139 

any  standing,  are  opposed  to  their  admission  as  that  Elmira's 
first  President  and  Wellesley's  founder  made  ample  provision 
for  similar  societies  which  are  today  an  essential  part  of  the 
life  of  these  two  colleges.  The  attitude  of  the  Woman's 
College  of  Baltimore  and  Randolph-Macon's  Woman's  Col- 
lege in  admitting  sororities  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that 
they  were  not  opened  until  the  women's  fraternities  had 
established  themselves  in  the  leading  universities  of  the  country 
and  had  had  opportunity  to  demonstrate  their  usefulness  as  a 
factor  in  college  life.  This  idea  is  borne  out  by  the  fact  that 
all  the  independent  women's  colleges  started  since  1885,  with 
the  exception  of  Bryn  Mawr  and  Trinity,  sanction  sororities  in 
some  form  or  other.  Whether  the  Woman's  College  of  Balti- 
more and  Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College,  which  are  under 
Methodist  control,  were  influenced  by  the  experience  of  other 
Methodist  colleges,  DePauw,  Syracuse,  Boston,  and  North- 
western, which  have  been  known  for  years  as  strong  fraternity 
centres  it  is  not  the  province  of  this  article  to  say,  but  the  fact 
is  certainly  noteworthy. 


Bryn  Mawr. 

Bryn  Mawr,  Pa. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1885;  Valuation  $1,784,000;  Endow- 
ment $1,200,000;  Faculty  47,  Men  27,  Women  20;  Students  441; 
Tuition  $200;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-Veritatem  Dilexi.  Colors-Yellow  and  White. 


140  Statistical  Data. 

Elmira  College. 

Elmira,  N.  Y. 

Presbyterian;  Opened  1885;  Valuation  $200,000;  Endow- 
ment $72,000;  Faculty  18,  Men  7,  Women  11;  Students  229; 
Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S./A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Purple  and  Gold. 

As  early  as  the  year  1856  a  literary  society,  known  as  Calisophia,  was 
organized  under  the  guidance  of  President  Augustus  W.  Coles,  D.  D. 
Union  1841,  who  for  the  period  of  thirty-five  years  administered  the  affairs 
of  the  college  and  who  still  holds  an  honored  place  on  the  faculty.  Cali- 
sophia remained  the  only  society  for  ten  years,  but  owing  to  differences 
some  of  its  members  formed  a  new  society,  June  7,  1866,  to  which  was 
give  the  name  of  Philomathea.  It  was  not  long  before  the  rivals  took  on 
all  the  characteristics  of  fraternity  life  and  the  change  to  Greek-Letter 
societies  resulted  quite  naturally.  Prior  to  1903,  membership  was  lim- 
ited only  by  the  wish  of  the  active  members,  but  at  that  time  the  admin- 
istration decided  that  neither  should  carry  a  chapter  of  more  than  twenty- 
five  members. 

Kappa  Sigma  was  founded  in  1856,  and  has  about  700  members. 
The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  two  letters  intertwined  and  is  frequently 
set  with  emeralds  and  pearls.  The  colors  are  green  and  white,  and  the 
pennant  is  green  with  a  white  monogram  like  the  badge.  The  open  motto 
is  "Per  Aspera  Ad  Astra."  The  society  has  a  handsomely  furnished  room 
in  the  college  building. 

Phi  Mu  was  founded  June  7,  1866,  and  has  about  600  members.  The 
badge  is  a  monogram,  usually  set  with  rubies  and  pearls,  the  Phi  super- 
imposed upon  the  Mu.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  monogram  stick  pin  of  the 
same  style,  but  much  smaller.  The  colors  are  red  and  gold,  the  flower 
the  yellow  chrysanthemum.  The  pennant  is  of  red  satin  with  Phi  Mu  in 
gold  letters.     The  society  has  rooms  with  appropriate  fittings. 


Statistical  Data.  141 

The  Fraternity  of  Thespis  was  founded  in  October,  1901,  but  is  not 
a  secret  organization,  its  chief  purpose  being  the  production  of  dramatic 
performances,  based  upon  careful  study  and  work.  Members  of  Kappa 
Sigma  and  Phi  Mu  are  on  its  roll.  The  badge  is  a  skull  and  crossbones  of 
oxydized  silver  with  emeralds  in  the  eyes.  The  society  has  a  room  in  the 
college  building  and  a  hall  on  the  campus  known  as  Thespis  Hall  in  which 
is  the  club's  theatre. 


Mills  College. 

Mills  College,  Cal. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  as  a  seminary  1871;  Chartered  as  a 
college  1885;  Present  departments,  seminary,  making  up  the 
bulk  of  attendance,  and  college;  Valuation  $450,000;  Endow- 
ment $300,000;  Faculty  39,  Men  8,  Women  31;  College  Students 
65;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  L. 

Motto-For  Christ  and  the  World.  Colors-White  and  Gold. 

Mu  Sigma  Sigma,  founded  October  14,  1897,  was  started  as  a  society 
that  should  include  all  college  students  who  wished  to  join,  but  was  changed 
in  1900  to  a  secret  organization.  The  total  membership  is  90.  The  badge 
is  a  gold  Mu  with  the  Sigmas  superimposed  upon  it.  The  Sigmas  may 
be  jewelled,  but  only  pearls  or  diamonds  are  used,  as  the  society's  colors 
are  white  and  gold.  The  badge  worn  by  pledge  members  is  a  monogram 
stick  pin,  a  Pi  superimposed  upon  a  Sigma. 

Delta  Theta  Delta  was  established  in  1899  and  was  the  first  secret 
society  at  Mills.  The  total  membership  is  80.  The  badge  is  an  oblong 
of  black  enamel  with  the  letters  of  the  society's  name  in  gold.  The  colors 
are  green  and  black. 


142  Statistical  Data. 

Mount  Holyoke  College. 

South  Hadley,  Mass. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  as  a  seminary  1837;  Chartered 
as  a  college  1888;  Preparatory  department  dropped  1893; 
Valuation  $869,961.19;  Endowment  $801,000;  Faculty  97, 
Men  8,  Women  89;  Students  720;  Tuition  $125;  Expenses  $200; 
Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Psalm  CLXIV-XIL  Color-Pale  Blue. 

Sigma  Theta  Chi  was  founded  in  1887.  The  total  membership  is 
160,  the  average  active  membership  25.  The  badge  is  composed  of  the 
three  Greek  letterr,  either  plain  or  jewelled,  fastened  to  a  gold  bar  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long. 

Xi  Phi  Delta  was  founded  in  1891.  The  total  membership  is  150, 
the  average  active  membership  25.  The  badge  is  a  diamond-shaped 
shield  supporting  another  of  black  enamel  surrounded  by  a  twist  of  gold. 
The  three  letters  are  of  gold  and  are  placed  in  order  along  the  short  diago- 
nal.    The  colors  are  purple  and  gold,  the  flower  the  pansy. 

Psi  Omega  was  founded  in  1897.  The  total  membership  is  125,  the 
average  active  membership  25.  The  badge  is  a  shield  of  gold,  supporting 
another  of  black  enamel  surrounded  by  a  fine  gold  beading.  The  second 
shield  bears  the  letters  in  gold,  the  Psi  being  placed  above  the  Omega. 

Gamma  Kappa  was  founded  in  1898.  The  total  membership  is  80, 
the  average  active  membership  20.  The  badge  is  a  monogram  of  the  two 
letters,  the  Gamma  superimposed  upon  the  Kappa.  The  color  is  red, 
the  flower  the  red  rose. 

Chi  Delta  Theta  was  founded  in  1902.  The  total  membership  is  70, 
the  average  active  membership  20.  The  badge  is  an  equilateral  triangle 
set  with  pearls  and  supporting  an  inner  triangle  of  black  enamel  with  the 
gold  letters  of  the  society's  name  in  the  angles.  The  color  is  old  gold, 
the  flower  the  yellow  rose. 


Statistical  Data.  143 

Randolph-Macon  Woman's  College. 

Lynchburg,  Va. 

Methodist  Episcopal  South;  Opened  1893;  Valuation 
$631,000;  Endowment  $218,000;  Faculty  40,  Men  15,  Women 
25;  Students  414;  Tuition  $75;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B., 

A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Lemon  and  Black. 

Sororities- 1900,  Chi  Omega;  1902,  Zeta  Tau  Alpha;  1903,  Alpha 
Omicron  Pi;  1903,  Kappa  Delta;  1904,  Sigma  Sigma  Sigma;  1905,  Delta 
Delta  Delta;  1908,  Alpha  Sigma  Alpha. 

Rockford  College. 

Rockford,  111. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  as  a  seminary  1849;  Chartered 
as  a  college  1892;  Present  departments,  preparatory  and  col- 
lege; Valuation  $190,000;  Endowment  $154,754;  Faculty  22, 
Men   2,   Women  20;   Tuition  $75;   Expenses   $275;   Degrees, 

B.  A.,  B.  S. 

Motto-Decus  Et  Veritas.  Colors-Purple  and  White. 

Smith  College. 

Northampton,  Mass. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1875;  Valuation  $675,500;  En- 
dowment $1,276,000;  Faculty  117,  Men  31,  Women  86,  Students 
1565;  Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Add  to  Your  Virtue  Knowledge.  Color-White. 


144  Statistical  Data. 

For  a  number  of  years  there  was  only  one  Greek-Letter  society  at 
Smith,  but  later  when  the  college  grew  large  enough  to  support  two  and 
when  it  seemed  that  competition  would  add  strength  and  inspiration  to 
the  one  already  formed,  it  was  decided  that  five  members  should  go  out 
from  the  first  and  organize  a  second  on  similar  lines.  These  five  were 
finally  volunteers,  as  the  matter  was  too  delicate  a  one  to  put  to  vote. 
As  a  reward  for  their  self-sacrifice  they  were  permitted  to  retain  their 
original  membership,  but  they  were  the  only  students  who  ever  belonged 
to  both  organizations. 

Although  these  two  Greek-Letter  Societies  are  not  regarded  by  either 
students  or  faculty  as  secret  sororities,  the  difference  between  them  and 
the  local  secret  societies  at  other  colleges  is  very  slight.  The  large  mem- 
bership precludes  any  very  close  friendship  such  as  the  sororities  seek  to 
foster,  and  for  this  reason  they  resemble  the  class  societies  in  vogue  at 
some  of  the  men's  colleges.  The  letters  of  the  Greek  names  have  a  special 
significance  for  the  initiated  and  neither  meetings  nor  membership  are 
open.  Rushing  however,  has  been  eliminated  by  a  unique  custom  of 
allowing  each  society  in  turn  first  choice.  One  year  one  society  has  the 
privilege  of  making  the  first  drawing,  but  the  next  year  it  goes  to  the  other. 
If  the  society  elects  three  members,  the  other  takes  the  same  number  the 
following  week,  and  so  the  drawings  go  on  until  the  entire  delegation  is 
selected.  Since  it  is  just  as  much  honor  to  belong  to  the  one  as  to  the 
other,  no  one  ever  refuses  an  offer  from  one  in  the  hopes  of  receiving  an 
invitation  from  the  other.  There  are  always  sixty  members  in  each  at 
the  close  of  the  year  and  this  number  is  invariably  made  up  of  twenty-five 
seniors,  twenty  juniors,  and  fifteen  sophomores,  though  sophomores  are 
not  admitted  until  after  the  Christmas  recess.  The  basis  of  member- 
ship is  high  scholarship,  special  literary  power,  or  marked  executive  ability. 
Meetings  are  held  once  in  three  weeks  at  the  rooms  that  each  society  has 
in  the  Students'  Building.  They  are  usually  of  a  literary  character,  fol- 
lowed by  a  social  gathering,  but  quite  often  a  play  is  given.  Once  a  year 
each  has  an  open  meeting  when  some  interesting  speaker  delivers  a  lecture. 

The  Alpha  Society  was  founded  three  years  after  the  college  was 
opened.  It  aims  to  provide  instruction  and  entertainment  for  its  mem- 
bers. The  badge  is  of  Roman  gold  and  is  a  facsimile  of  a  primitive  Greek 
Alpha.     The  club  color  is  red. 


Statistical  Data.  145 

Phi  Kappa  Psi  was  founded  in  February,  1887.  It  aims  to  encourage 
a  high  grade  of  scholarship,  especially  along  literary  lines,  and  to  bring  into 
intimate  relations  those  who  have  congenial  interests.  The  badge  con- 
sists of  three  equilateral  triangles  of  white  enamel,  each  bearing  one  letter 
of  the  society's  name  in  gold  and  all  meeting  at  a  common  centre  under  a 
single  pearl.  Each  one  of  the  three  equal  spaces  between  the  triangles  is 
filled  with  a  gold  fleur  de  lis.  The  club  color  is  gold,  the  flower  the  daf- 
fodil. 

Trinity  College. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

Catholic;  Opened  1900;  Valuation  $80,000;  Endowment 
$10,000;  Faculty  25,  Men  8,  Women  17;  Students  110;  Tuition 
$100;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.  B. 

Motto-Unitas  in  Trinitate.  Colors-Silver  and  White. 

Vassar  College. 

Poughkeepsie,  N.  .Y 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1865;  Valuation  $2,784,314;  Endow- 
ment $1,385,754;  Faculty  101,  Men  17,  Women  84;  Students 
1018;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  A.   B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Rose  and  Gray. 

Wellesley  College. 

Wellesley,  Mass. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1875;  Valuation  $1,706,525;  En- 
dowment $806,000;  Faculty  96,  Men  12,  Women  84;  Students 
1096;  Tuition  $175;  Expenses  $300;  Degrees  B.  A.,  M.  A. 

Motlo-Non  Ministrari  Sed  Ministrare.  Color-Dark  Blue. 


146  Statistical  Data. 

In  November,  1876,  Mr,  Henry  F.  Durant,  founder  of  Wellesley  Col- 
lege, suggested  to  representative  students  that  two  societies  devoted  to 
social  and  literary  ends  should  be  organized.  In  June,  1881,  these  were 
disbanded  because  of  faculty  opposition,  but  were  reorganized  eight  years 
later  through  the  efforts  of  the  charter  members.  There  is  a  general 
impression  among  sorority  women  that  Wellesley  societies  are  not  secret 
organizations,  since  they  publish  their  formal  programs  in  the  college 
papers.  It  is  true  that  only  two,  Phi  Sigma  and  Zeta  Alpha,  were  secret 
in  the  beginning,  but  since  1889  all  claim  that  they  are  both  secret  and 
select,  and  emphasize  the  fact  that  they  do  not  tell  outsiders  even  their 
colors  or  their  flowers. 

In  the  early  history  of  the  societies  freshman  were  admitted,  but  as 
years  went  on  there  was  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  all  to  postpone 
the  elections  to  membership.  This  conservatism  culminated  in  an  inter- 
society  compact  made  in  June,  1904,  to  extend  to  invitations  to  new  mem- 
bers before  the  first  day  of  Christmas  vacation  of  their  sophomore  year. 
With  the  increasing  attendance,  it  seems  only  a  question  of  time  when  the 
societies  will  restrict  their  membership  to  the  junior  and  senior  classes. 

The  society  houses  at  Wellesley  are  unlike  the  fraternity  houses  of 
other  colleges,  which  usually  serve  as  homes  for  their  members  during  the 
college  course.  They  resemble  the  handsomely  furnished  club  house  of 
city  and  town  and  contain  a  hall  for  meetings,  a  library,  a  den,  a  kitchen 
and  cloak  rooms. 

Phi  Sigma  was  founded  November  6, 1876,  with  sixteen  charter  mem- 
bers. Its  aim  is  to  give  "Additional  literary  training  and  social  inter- 
course, to  strengthen  character,  to  uphold  scholarship  and  to  unite  the 
interests  of  the  undergraduates".  The  society  was  disbanded  in  1881, 
and  reestablished  May  17,  1889.  It  is  the  only  Wellesley  society  that 
placed  a  chapter  elswhere,  the  Beta  chapter  being  located  at  Wesleyan 
University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  from  1893-1903.  The  total  member- 
ship of  the  Alpha  Chapter  is  350,  the  average  active  membership  25.  The 
badge  is  a  shield  of  black  enamel  set  with  pearls  and  bearing  the  Greek 
letters  of  the  society's  name  in  gold.  The  society  has  a  handsome  house 
on  the  college  grounds  near  Lake  Waban.  It  was  built  in  1900  and  is  a 
model  of  an  Italian  villa. 


Statistical  Data.  147 

Zeta  Alpha  was  founded  November  6,  1876,  discontinued  in  June, 
1881  and  reestablished  in  the  Fall  of  1889.  The  society  always  has  one 
open  meeting  during  the  year  to  show  its  guests  something  representative 
hf  its  work.  Its  annual  colonial  ball  has  become  quite  a  feature  of  the  col- 
lege life.  The  total  membership  is  375,  the  average  active  membership  25. 
Its  badge  and  that  of  Sigma  Psi  of  the  College  for  Women  of  Western 
Reserve  University  are  identical  in  size  and  shape,  but  the  pin  of  Zeta 
Alpha  is  all  of  gold  with  a  fascmile  of  an  old  Roman  lamp  across  the  centre. 
In  the  upper  angle  is  a  star  set  with  a  turquoise  and  in  the  lower  angle 
are  the  letters  Zeta  and  Alpha  in  blue  enamel.  The  Society's  house  is  a 
handsome  colonial  structure  with  the  grounds  laid  out  to  represent  an  old 
colonial  garden. 

The  Shakespeare  Society  was  founded  April,  1877.  Its  aim  is  "The 
systematic  study  of  Shakespeare  as  a  means  of  development".  It  was 
at  first  an  open  club  and  many  who  belonged  to  Phi  Sigma  or  Zeta  Alpha 
were  enrolled  among  its  members,  but  when  these  two  were  reestablished 
in  1899  as  secret  societies,  it  was  put  upon  the  same  basis.  The  total 
membership  is  625,  the  average  active  membership  40.  The  badge  is  a 
gold  mask  with  a  silver  quill  through  the  left  eye  and  above  the  mask 
the  facsimile  of  Shakespeare's  autograph  on  his  will.  The  society's  house, 
erected  in  1898  on  Tree  Day  Green,  is  a  copy  of  Shakespeare's  birthplace 
at  Stratford  and  is  one  of  the  picturesque  sights  of  Wellesley.  The 
annual  play,  presented  out  of  doors  in  Rhododendron  Hollow,  is  always 
one  of  the  memorable  occasions  of  the  commencement  season. 

Tau  Zeta  Epsilon  was  founded  in  1899  as  the  "Art  Society".  The 
name  was  changed  in  1895,  but  the  aim  remained  the  same,  viz.  "To 
disseminate  an  artistic  spirit  and  an  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  in  cre- 
ative art  and  nature  on  the  one  hand,  on  the  other  to  bring  its  members 
into  closer  fellowship  with  one  another".  The  total  membership  is  250, 
the  active  membership  40.  The  badge  is  of  gold  and  represents  an  ancient 
chariot  wheel  with  a  wing  fastened  on  the  axle.  On  the  felloe  are  the 
initials  of  the  society's  name  in  violet  enamel.  The  society's  house,  con- 
taining a  hall,  fashioned  after  the  old  English  style  with  plastered  walls, 
heavy  timbers,  high  wainscoting,  fire  place  and  balcony  is  one  of  the  feat- 
ures of  the  Wellesley  campus.  The  members  give  two  unique  affairs 
each  year,  the  Studio  Reception  and  the  Fall  Musical. 


146  Statistical  Data. 

In  November,  1876,  Mr,  Henry  F.  Durant,  founder  of  Wellesley  Col- 
lege, suggested  to  representative  students  that  two  societies  devoted  to 
social  and  literary  ends  should  be  organized.  In  June,  1881,  these  were 
disbanded  because  of  faculty  opposition,  but  were  reorganized  eight  years 
later  through  the  efforts  of  the  charter  members.  There  is  a  general 
impression  among  sorority  women  that  Wellesley  societies  are  not  secret 
organizations,  since  they  publish  their  formal  programs  in  the  college 
papers.  It  is  true  that  only  two,  Phi  Sigma  and  Zeta  Alpha,  were  secret 
in  the  beginning,  but  since  1889  all  claim  that  they  are  both  secret  and 
select,  and  emphasize  the  fact  that  they  do  not  tell  outsiders  even  their 
colors  or  their  flowers. 

In  the  early  history  of  the  societies  freshman  were  admitted,  but  as 
years  went  on  there  was  a  marked  tendency  on  the  part  of  all  to  postpone 
the  elections  to  membership.  This  conservatism  culminated  in  an  inter- 
society  compact  made  in  June,  1904,  to  extend  to  invitations  to  new  mem- 
bers before  the  first  day  of  Christmas  vacation  of  their  sophomore  year. 
With  the  increasing  attendance,  it  seems  only  a  question  of  time  when  the 
societies  will  restrict  their  membership  to  the  junior  and  senior  classes. 

The  society  houses  at  Wellesley  are  unlike  the  fraternity  houses  of 
other  colleges,  which  usually  serve  as  homes  for  their  members  during  the 
college  course.  They  resemble  the  handsomely  furnished  club  house  of 
city  and  town  and  contain  a  hall  for  meetings,  a  library,  a  den,  a  kitchen 
and  cloak  rooms. 

Phi  Sigma  was  founded  November  6, 1876,  with  sixteen  charter  mem- 
bers. Its  aim  is  to  give  "Additional  literary  training  and  social  inter- 
course, to  strengthen  character,  to  uphold  scholarship  and  to  unite  the 
interests  of  the  undergraduates".  The  society  was  disbanded  in  1881, 
and  reestablished  May  17,  1889.  It  is  the  only  Wellesley  society  that 
placed  a  chapter  elswhere,  the  Beta  chapter  being  located  at  Wesleyan 
University,  Middletown,  Conn.,  from  1893-1903.  The  total  member- 
ship of  the  Alpha  Chapter  is  350,  the  average  active  membership  25.  The 
badge  is  a  shield  of  black  enamel  set  with  pearls  and  bearing  the  Greek 
letters  of  the  society's  name  in  gold.  The  society  has  a  handsome  house 
on  the  college  grounds  near  Lake  Waban.  It  was  built  in  1900  and  is  a 
model  of  an  Italian  villa. 


Statistical  Data.  147 

Zeta  Alpha  was  founded  November  6,  1876,  discontinued  in  June, 
1881  and  reestablished  in  the  Fall  of  1889.  The  society  always  has  one 
open  meeting  during  the  year  to  show  its  guests  something  representative 
hf  its  work.  Its  annual  colonial  ball  has  become  quite  a  feature  of  the  col- 
lege life.  The  total  membership  is  375,  the  average  active  membership  25. 
Its  badge  and  that  of  Sigma  Psi  of  the  College  for  Women  of  Western 
Reserve  University  are  identical  in  size  and  shape,  but  the  pin  of  Zeta 
Alpha  is  all  of  gold  with  a  fascmile  of  an  old  Roman  lamp  across  the  centre. 
In  the  upper  angle  is  a  star  set  with  a  turquoise  and  in  the  lower  angle 
are  the  letters  Zeta  and  Alpha  in  blue  enamel.  The  Society's  house  is  a 
handsome  colonial  structure  with  the  grounds  laid  out  to  represent  an  old 
colonial  garden. 

The  Shakespeare  Society  was  founded  April,  1877.  Its  aim  is  "The 
systematic  study  of  Shakespeare  as  a  means  of  development".  It  was 
at  first  an  open  club  and  many  who  belonged  to  Phi  Sigma  or  Zeta  Alpha 
were  enrolled  among  its  members,  but  when  these  two  were  reestablished 
in  1899  as  secret  societies,  it  was  put  upon  the  same  basis.  The  total 
membership  is  625,  the  average  active  membership  40.  The  badge  is  a 
gold  mask  with  a  silver  quill  through  the  left  eye  and  above  the  mask 
the  facsimile  of  Shakespeare's  autograph  on  his  will.  The  society's  house, 
erected  in  1898  on  Tree  Day  Green,  is  a  copy  of  Shakespeare's  birthplace 
at  Stratford  and  is  one  of  the  picturesque  sights  of  Wellesley.  The 
annual  play,  presented  out  of  doors  in  Rhododendron  Hollow,  is  always 
one  of  the  memorable  occasions  of  the  commencement  season. 

Tau  Zeta  Epsilon  was  founded  in  1899  as  the  "Art  Society".  The 
name  was  changed  in  1895,  but  the  aim  remained  the  same,  viz.  "To 
disseminate  an  artistic  spirit  and  an  appreciation  of  the  beautiful  in  cre- 
ative art  and  nature  on  the  one  hand,  on  the  other  to  bring  its  members 
into  closer  fellowship  with  one  another".  The  total  membership  is  250, 
the  active  membership  40.  The  badge  is  of  gold  and  represents  an  ancient 
chariot  wheel  with  a  wing  fastened  on  the  axle.  On  the  felloe  are  the 
initials  of  the  society's  name  in  violet  enamel.  The  society's  house,  con- 
taining a  hall,  fashioned  after  the  old  English  style  with  plastered  walls, 
heavy  timbers,  high  wainscoting,  fire  place  and  balcony  is  one  of  the  feat- 
ures of  the  Wellesley  campus.  The  members  give  two  unique  affairs 
each  year,  the  Studio  Reception  and  the  Fall  Musical. 


148  Statistical  Data. 

The  Agora  received  its  charter  giving  it  a  right  to  exist  as  one  of  the 
six  societies  of  Wellesley  in  1892.  Up  to  that  time  it  had  been  a  political 
club  founded  by  a  few  freshmen  in  the  village  who  met  to  discuss  political 
questions.  Its  aim  is  "To  create  in  its  members  an  intelligent  interest 
in  the  political  questions  of  the  day".  The  total  membership  is  200,  the 
average  active  membership  40.  The  badge  represents  the  helmet  of 
Athena  and  bears  upon  the  crest  the  word  Agora  in  Greek  characters  of 
Wellesley  blue  enamel.  The  society's  house  is  beautifully  situated  near 
Lake  Waban  and  is  built  somewhat  after  the  style  of  a  Greek  temple. 
The  Agora  gives  three  prominent  entertainments  during  the  year,  a  Recep- 
tion on  Washington's  Birthday,  a  Military  Ball  during  the  Spring  and  an 
Open  Meeting  at  which  the  society  shows  to  about  600  guests  what  its 
work  is. 

Alpha  Kappa  Chi  was  founded  May  14,  1892,  as  "the  Classical  Society". 
Its  aim  was  "To  further  the  interest  in  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  drama, 
literature  and  art  and  their  influence  on  modern  drama,  literature  and 
art".  In  1897  the  name  was  changed  and  the  society  became  a  secret 
organization.  The  total  membership  is  200,  the  average  active  member- 
ship 30.  The  badge  is  a  scroll  of  black  enamel,  The  society  house, 
erected  recently  and  not  yet  finished,  is  modelled  after  a  private  Roman 
house  and  is  lighted  entirely  from  above. 


Wells  College. 

Aurora,  N.  Y. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1868;  Valuation  $183,500;  Endow- 
ment $263,000;  Faculty  22,  Men  7,  Women  15;  Students  155; 
Tuition  $150;  Expenses  $350;  Degrees,  B.  A.,  M.  A. 

Motto-Habere  Et  Dispertire.  Color-Cardinal. 


Statistical  Data.  149 

The  Woman's  College  of  Baltimore. 

Baltimore,  Md. 

Methodist  Episcopal;  Opened  1888;  Valuation  $1,400,000; 
Endowment  $785,000;  Faculty  27,  Men  14,  Women  13;  Students 
356;  Tuition  $150;  Expenses  $300.  Degree,  A.  B. 

Motto-I  Thess.  V.  23.  Colors-Dark  Blue  and  Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1891,  Alpha  Phi;  1892,  Delta  Gamma;  1893,  Gamma 
Phi  Beta;  1896,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1897,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1899,  Delta 
Delta  Delta;   1909,  Alpha  Gamma  Delta. 

In  addition  to  these  branches  of  the  national  organizations  there  is 
a  prominent  local  society  called  Tau  Kappa  Pi,  which  was  organized  in 
1892,  and  has  a  total  membership  of  150.  The  society  has  no  desire  to 
affiliate  with  any  sorority  and  though  it  has  a  national  charter  it  does  not 
intend  to  establish  other  chapters.  The  badge  is  an  arch  bearing  the  let- 
ters of  the  society's  name  and  a  Sphinx  head.  The  colors  are  old  rose 
and  white,  the  flower  the  chrysanthemum. 

Affiliated  Colleges. 

The  word  affiliated  is  used  to  designate  such  colleges  for 
women  as  are  under  the  supervision  or  tutelage  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  a  college  for  men.  The  woman's  college  may,  or 
may  not,  have  an  individual  name,  but  in  every  case  the  separa- 
tion is  complete. 

Affiliated  colleges  are  not  numerous,  but,  few  as  they  are, 
they  show  many  marked  differences  in  the  methods  employed 
in  furnishing  the  instruction  to  the  women  students.  In  the 
case  of  Radcliffe,  opened  in  1879,  by  a  corporation  under  the 
name  of  "The  Society  for  the  Collegiate  Instruction  of  Women", 


150  Statistical  Data. 

but  popularly  known  as  "Harvard  Annex"  until  its  incorpora- 
tion as  a  college  for  women  in  1894,  the  instruction  is  given  by 
members  of  the  Harvard  faculty.  Though  most  of  its  courses 
are  identical  with  courses  in  Harvard  and  all  are  of  the  same 
grade  as  those  given  by  the  University,  yet  many  listed  in  the 
different  departments  of  the  College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  are  not 
open  to  students  at  Radeliffe.  Newcomb  College  was  opened 
in  1886  and  is  affiliated  with  Tulane  University,  but  it  is  located 
in  a  different  section  of  New  Orleans  and  has  a  faculty  of  its 
own.  The  recent  Phi  Beta  Kappa  charter  grant  to  Tulane  has 
been  interpreted  as  including  Newcomb.  At  Barnard,  opened 
in  1889  and  incorporated  as  an  undergraduate  woman's  college 
of  Columbia,  the  courses  are  given  by  professors  appointed 
by  the  trustees  of  the  University.  Barnard  graduates  re- 
ceive their  degrees  from  Columbia  and  may  take  up  post- 
graduate work  at  the  University  under  the  same  conditions  as 
men.  Brown  University  admitted  women  informally  to  certain 
privileges  as  early  as  1892  and  established  the  Woman's  College 
as  a  regular  department  in  1897.  Western  Reserve  University 
became  coeducational  in  1872,  but  made  a  change  in  policy  in 
1888.  As  long  as  coeducation  existed  the  woman  were  eligible 
to  Phi  Beta  Kappa.  In  1906  at  the  suggestion  of  the  fraternity's 
senate,  a  special  Woman's  Section  of  the  Western  Reserve  chap- 
ter was  formed  and  arrangement  made  to  include  past  graduates 
of  the  Woman's  College.  Florida  State  College,  opened  at 
Tallahassee  in  1851,  became  coeducational  in  1888,  but  altered 
this  arrangement  in  1905,  when  it  established  a  college  for 
women  at  Tallahassee,  and  a  college  for  men,  called  Florida 
University,  at  Gainesville. 


Statistical  Data.  151 

Radcliffe  is  the  only  affiliated  college  where  no  form  of  the 
Greek-Letter  Society  exists,  but  this  is  due  to  local  conditions 
rather  than  to  any  definite  policy  of  opposition  on  the  part 
of  the  administration.  In  the  case  of  the  Woman's  College  of 
Western  Reserve  the  authorities  feel  that  the  local  societies 
are  best  for  the  women  students,  though  fraternities  are  coun- 
tenanced among  men. 

Barnard  College. 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1889;  Valuation  $561,007;  Endow- 
ment $700,000;  Faculty  67,  Men  52,  Women  15;  Students  624; 
Tuition  $150;  Expenses  $600;  Degree  A.  B. 

Motto-Hepomene  To  Logismo.  Colors-Pale  Blue  and  White. 

Sororities-1891,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1897,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi; 
1898,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;  1901,  Gamma  Phi  Beta;  1903,  Alpha  Phi; 
1903,  Delta  Delta  Delta;  1904,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1906,  Chi  Omega. 

Brown  University. 

Providence,  R.  I. 

Baptist;  Opened  1764;  Women  admitted  1892;  Woman's 
College  created  1897;  Valuation  $2,125,000;  Endowment 
$2,500,000;  Faculty  84,  Men  81,  Women  3;  Students  994,  Men 
814,  Women  180;  Tuition  $105;  Expenses  $400;  Degrees,  A.  B., 
Ph.  B.,  B.  S.,  M.  S.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-Deo  Speramus.  Colors-Brown  and  White. 

Sororities-1897,  Kappa  Alpha  Theta;   1908,  Sigma  Kappa. 


152  Statistical  Data. 

Florida  State  College  for  Women. 

Tallahassee,  Fla. 

State;  Opened  as  affiliated  college  1905;  Faculty  23,  Men  9, 
Women  14;  Students  257;  Tuition  Free;  Expenses  $107;  De- 
grees, A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M.,  M.  S., 

Motto-None.  Colors-Royal  Purple  and  Old  Gold. 

Sororities-1904,  Kappa  Delta;  1908,  Chi  Omega,  Alpha  Kappa  Psi; 
1909,  Alpha  Delta  Phi. 

Newcomb  College. 

New  Orleans,  La. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1887;  Valuation  $700,000;  Endow- 
ment $3,100,000;  Faculty  38,  Men  12,  Women  26;  Students 
460;  Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $225;  Degree,  A.  B. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Light  Blue  and  Bronze. 

Sororities-1891,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1898,  Alpha  Omicron  Pi;  1900,  Chi 
Omega;  1904,  Kappa  Kappa  Gamma;  1906,  Alpha  Delta  Phi;  1907, 
Phi  Mu. 

Radcliffe  College. 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1879;  Valuation  $871,000;  Endow- 
ment $530,000;  Faculty  102,  Men  102,  Women  0;  Students  468; 
Tuition  $200;  Expenses  $550;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Crimson  and  White. 


Statistical  Data.  153 

Western  Reserve  University. 

Cleveland  O. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1826;  Women  admitted  1872; 
Woman's  College  created  1888;  Valuation  $1,672,585;  Endow- 
ment $2,019,142;  Faculty  214,  Men  191,  Women  23;  Students 
104,  Men  674,  Women  337;  Tuition  $100;  Expenses  $400; 
Degrees,  A.  B.,  A.  M. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Gold  and  White. 

Delta  Phi  Upsilon  was  founded  in  1893.  The  total  membership 
is  76.  Its  founders  intended  that  only  students  of  Greek  should  be  ad- 
mitted, but  this  policy  has  been  changed  within  the  last  few  years.  The 
badge  is  of  dark  blue  enamel,  fancifully  shaped,  outlined  with  gold  scroll 
work  and  bearing  the  Greek  letters  in  gold.  The  pledge  pin  is  a  circle 
of  gold  with  a  bar  across  the  centre.  On  the  upper  half  of  the  circle 
are  the  words  Delta  Phi  Upsilon,  engraved  in  Greek  characters.  The 
colors  are  dark  blue  and  gold,  the  flower,  the  pansy. 

Gamma  Delta  Tau  was  founded  in  1896.  The  total  membership 
is  68.  The  badge  is  a  shield  with  eight  concave  sides  outlined  with  a 
row  of  pearls.  An  inner  shield  of  black  enamel  with  four  concave  sides 
bears  the  three  Greek  letters  in  gold.  The  colors  are  green  and  gold, 
the  flower,  the  daffodil.  The  pledge  pin  is  of  black  enamel,  identical  in 
shape  and  size  with  the  inner  portion  of  the  badge. 

Phi  Kappa  Zeta  was  founded  in  1896.  The  total  membership  is  80. 
The  badge  is  a  five  pointed  star  set  with  pearls  along  the  edges.  An  inner 
raised  star  of  black  enamel  bears  the  gold  letters  Phi  Kappa  Zeta.  The 
colors  are  black  and  gold,  the  flower,  the  daffodil. 

Sigma  Psi  was  founded  in  1899.  The  total  membership  is  68.  The 
badge  is  a  shield  with  three  concave  sides,  the  edges  outlined  with  pearls 
and  the  corners  emphasized  with  emeralds.  An  inner  raised  portion  of 
black  enamel  bears  the  Greek  letters  of  the  society's  name,  the  Sigma  being 
placed  above  the  Psi.     The  pledge  pin  is  a  monogram  of  the  two  letters, 


154  Statistical  Data. 

the  Sigma  being  of  gold  and  the  Psi  of  green  enamel.  The  colors  are  green 
and  gold,  the  flower  the  daffodil.  The  flag  is  a  pennant  with  gold  letters 
on  a  green  background.      The  open  motto  is  "  Ever  faithful." 

Theta  Phi  Omega  was  founded  in  1904.  Its  total  membership  is  41. 
The  emblem  is  an  inverted  shield  outlined  with  pearls,  supporting  an 
inner  raised  shield  of  black  enamel,  bearing  the  sorority  letters  in  gold. 
The  pledge  pin  is  of  gold  and  has  four  concave  sides  with  an  inner  circle  of 
black  enamel.     The  colors  are  brown  and  gold,  the  flower,  the  yellow  daisy. 


Coordinate  Colleges. 

The  coordinate  college  is  a  hybrid  in  that  it  partakes 
of  the  nature  of  both  the  affiliated  and  the  coeducational 
institution,  but  always  with  an  increasing  tendency  toward 
the  characteristics  of  the  affiliated  college.  The  segrega- 
tion policy  inaugurated  by  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1902 
has  been  copied  by  a  number  of  colleges  especially  in  the 
East  and  Middle  West.  All  these  institutions  were  coeduca- 
tional for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  and  made  the  change  for  a 
variety  of  reasons,  one  because  of  the  increasing  enrolment 
of  women  students,  another  because  of  the  decreasing  attendance 
of  men  students,  a  third  to  enable  the  women  to  enjoy  a  more 
distinct  social  life.  At  present  separation  in  chapel  exercises 
and  in  the  required  work  of  the  college  is  as  far  as  most  of  them 
have  followed  in  the  lead  of  Chicago.  Strangely  enough  the 
authorities  in  charge  of  the  women  of  this  large  university  are 
opposed  to  the  admission  of  branches  of  the  national  sororities, 
while  the  small  colleges  welcome  them  heartily. 


Statistical  Data.  155 

Bucknell  University. 

Lewisburg,  Pa. 

Baptist;  Opened  1846;  Women  admitted  1880;  Woman's 
College  created  1905;  Valuation  $400,000;  Endowment  $700,000; 
Faculty  36,  Men  35,  Women  1;  Students  514,  Men  373,  Women 
141;  Tuition  $50;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  B.  S., 
A.  M.,  M.  S. 

Motto-None.  Colors-Orange  and  Blue. 

Sororities-1884,  Pi  Beta  Phi;  1904,  Delta  Delta  Delta. 


Chicago  University. 

Chicago,  111. 

Baptist;  Opened  1892;  Women  admitted  1892;  Woman's 
Junior  College  created  1902;  Valuation  $9,000,000;  Endow- 
ment $9,000,000;  Faculty  373,  Men  324,  Women  49;  Students 
4580,  Men  2319,  Women  2261;  Tuition  $120;  Expenses  $300; 
Degrees,  A.  B.,  Ph.  B.,  S.  B.,  A.  M.,  Ph.  M.,  S.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  D.  B., 
Ed.  B.,  LL.  D.,  J.  D. 

Motto-None.  Color-Maroon. 

Sorority- Alpha  Epsilon  Iota  (Med.) 

The  Esoteric  was  founded  in  December,  1893.  The  total  membership 
is  75.  The  badge  is  a  half-inch  square  of  gold,  the  entire  space  being 
covered  with  the  word  Esoteric  in  green  and  white  enamel.  The  pledge 
pin  is  a  square  of  green  enamel  displaying  the  letter  E  in  white  enamel. 
The  colors  are  green  and  white,  the  flower  the  white  rose. 


156  Statistical  Data 

The  Mortar  Board  was  organized  November  10,  1894.  The  total 
membership  is  90.  The  badge  is  of  dark  blue  enamel  and  is  designed  to 
represent  a  mortar  board,  the  tassel  being  of  gold.  The  pledge  pin  is  a 
square  with  bevelled  edges,  bearing  the  letters  M  B  in  gold  on  a  field  of 
blue  enamel. 

The  Quadranglers  was  organized  in  January,  1895.  The  total  member- 
ship is  85.  The  badge  is  a  square  of  black  enamel  with  gold  edges,  the 
lowest  angle  pierced  with  the  letter  Q,  which  is  set  with  ten  pearls,  the  tail 
of  the  Q  being  of  black  enamel.     The  colors  are  black  and  white. 

The  Wyvern  was  founded  in  October,  1898.  The  total  membership 
is  50.  The  badge  is  a  W  set  with  either  pearls  or  diamonds  and  entwined 
with  a  winged  dragon  or  wyvem  of  gold.  The  pledged  member  wears  a 
silver  ring  encircled  by  a  dragon.  The  colors  are  gold  and  white,  the 
flower  the  chrysanthemum.  The  flag  shows  a  white  dragon  on  a  yellow 
field. 

Phi  Beta  Delta  was  founded  in  December,  1899.  The  total  member- 
ship is  50.  The  badge  is  an  open  equilateral  triangle  of  rose  gold,  through 
which  and  around  which  twines  a  winged  dragon  holding  a  sapphire  in  its 
mouth.  The  letters  appear  in  the  angles  of  the  triangle.  The  pledge  pin 
is  an  open  triangle  of  dark  blue  enamel.  The  colors  are  dark  blue  and  gold, 
the  flower  the  yellow  chrysanthemum.     The  jewel  is  the  sapphire. 


Colby  College. 

Waterville,  Me. 

Baptist;  Opened  1820;  Women  admitted  1871;  Woman's 
Division  created  1890;  Valuation  $275,000;  Endowment 
$470,000;  Faculty  17,  Men  15,  Women  2;  Students  240,  Men  124, 
Women  116;  Tuition  $90;  Expenses  $160;  Degrees,  A.  B.,  B.  S. 

Motto-Lux  Mentis  Scientia.  Colors-Gray  and  Blue. 

Sororities- 1874,  Sigma  Kappa;  1906,  Chi  Omega;  1908,  Delta  Delta 
Delta. 


Statistical  Data.  157 

Middlebury  College. 

Middlebury,  Vt. 

Nonsectarian;  Opened  1800;  Women  admitted  1883; 
Woman's  College  created  1902;  Valuation  $500,000;  Endow- 
ment $600,000;  Faculty  21,  Men  20,  Women  1;  Students  228, 
Men  120,  Women  108;  Tuition  $80;  Expenses  $250;  Degrees, 
A.  B.,  B.  S.,  A.  M. 

Motto-Scientia  Et  Virtus.  Colors-Blue  and  White. 

Sorority-1893,  Pi  Beta  Phi. 


158  Men's  Fraternities. 


MENS   FRATERNITIES. 

ALPHA  CHI  RHO-1895-Brooklyn  Pol.  Inst,,  Columbia,  Cornell, 
Dickinson,  Lafayette,  Pennsylvania,  Syracuse,  Trinity,  Virginia,  Washing- 
ton and  Lee,  Yale — 11. 

ALPHA  DELTA  PHI-1832-Amherst,  Bowdoin,  Brown,  California, 
C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Chicago,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Hamilton,  Johns 
Hopkins,  Kenyon,  McGill,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Rochester,  Toronto, 
Trinity,  Union,  Wesleyan,  Western  Reserve,  Williams,  Wisconsin,  Yale — 24. 

ALPHA  SIGMA  PHI-1845-Cornell,  Illinois,  Marietta,  Michigan, 
Ohio  State,  Yale— 6. 

ALPHA  TAU  OMEGA-1865-Adrian,  Alabama,  Ala.  Pol.  Inst., 
Albion,  Brown,  California,  Charleston,  Chicago,  Colby,  Colorado,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Emory,  Florida,  Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Hillsdale,  Illinois, 
Iowa  State  College,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech., 
Mercer,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mt,  Union,  Muhlenburg,  Nebraska, 
North  Carolina,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania 
College,  Purdue,  Rose  Pol.  Inst,,  Simpson,  St.  Lawrence,  Southern,  South- 
western Presbyterian,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Trinity  (N.  C),  Tufts,  Tulane, 
Union  University,  University  of  the  South,  Vanderbilt,  Vermont,  Virginia, 
Washington  State,  Washington  and  Jefferson,  Washington  and  Lee, 
Western  Reserve,  Wisconsin,  Wittenberg,  Wooster,  Worcester  Pol.  Inst. 
—60. 

BETA  THETA  PI-1839-Amherst,  Beloit,  Bethany,  Boston,  Bowdoin, 
Brown,  California,  Case,  Central,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Colgate,  Colorado, 
Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Davidson,  Denison,  Denver,  DePauw, 
Dickinson,  Hampden-Sydney,  Hanover,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa  State 
College,  Iowa  Wesleyan,  Johns  Hopkins,  Kansas  Kenyon,  Knox,  Lehigh, 
Maine,  Miami,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska,  North  Carolina, 
Northwestern,   Ohio,   Ohio   State,   Ohio   Wesleyan,   Oklahoma,   Oregon, 


Men's  Fraternities.  159 

Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Rutgers,  Stanford,  Stevens, 
St.  Lawrence,  Syracuse,  Texas,  Toronto,  Union,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia, 
Wabash,  Washington,  Washington  State,  Washington  and  Jefferson, 
Wesleyan,  Western  Reserve,  Westminster,  West  Virginia,  Wisconsin, 
Wittenberg,  Wooster,  Yale— 72. 

CHI  PHI-1824-Amherst,  California,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Emory, 
Franklin  and  Marshall,  Hampden-Sydney,  Georgia,  Ga.,  Sch.  Tech.,  La- 
fayette, Lehigh,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Ohio  State,  Rensselaer,  Rutgers,  Shef- 
field, Stevens,  Texas,  Vanderbilt — 19. 

CHI  PSI-1841-Amherst,  California,  Chicago,  Cornell,  Georgia,  Hamil- 
ton, Lehigh,  Michigan,  Middlebury,  Minnesota,  Rutgers,  Stanford,  Stevens, 
Union,  Wesleyan,  Williams,  Wisconsin — 17. 

DELTA  KAPPA  EPSILON-1844-Alabama,  Amherst,  Bowdoin, 
Brown,  California,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Central,  Chicago,  Colby,  Colgate,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Hamilton,  Illinois,  Kenyon,  Lafayette, 
Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  McGill,  Miami,  Michigan,  Middlebury,  Minnesota, 
Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  Rensselaer,  Rochester,  Rutgers, 
Stanford,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Trinity,  Tulane,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Wes- 
leyan, Western  Reserve,  Williams,  Wisconsin,  Yale — 42. 

DELTA  PHI-1827-Brown,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Johns  Hopkins,  Le- 
high, New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Rensselaer,  Rutgers,  Sheffield,  Union, 
Virginia — 12. 

DELTA  PSI-1847-Columbia,  Mass.  Inst,  Tech.,  Mississippi,  Penn- 
sylvania, Sheffield,  Trinity,  Virginia,  Williams — 8 

DELTA  SIGMA  PHI-1901-Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Texas, Trinity  (Texas),  Washington  and 
Lee— 9. 

DELTA  TAU  DELTA-1859-Albion,  Allegheny,  Armour  Inst.  Tech., 
Baker,  Brown,  California,  Chicago,  Colorado,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dart- 
mouth, DePauw,  Emory,  George  Washington,  Hillsdale,  Kenyon,  Illinois, 


160  Men's  Fraternities. 

Indiana,  Indianapolis,  Iowa,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech., 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mississippi,  Nebraska,  Northwestern, 
Ohio  State,  Ohio,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Purdue,  Rensselaer, 
Stanford,  Stevens,  Texas,  Tulane,  Tufts,  University  of  the  South,  Vander- 
bilt,  Virginia,  Wabash,  Washington  State,  Washington  and  Jefferson, 
Washington  and  Lee,  Wesleyan,  Western  Reserve,  West  Virginia,  Wiscon- 
sin— 52. 

DELTA  UPSILON-1834-Amherst,  Bowdoin,  Brown,  California, 
Chicago,  Colby,  Colgate,  Columbia,  Cornell,  DePauw,  Hamilton,  Harvard, 
Illinois,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Marietta,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  McGill,  Miami, 
Middlebury,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  New  York,  Northwestern, 
Ohio  State,  Pennsylvania,  Rochester,  Rutgers,  Stanford,  Swarthmore, 
Syracuse,  Toronto,  Tufts,  Union,  Western  Reserve,  Williams,  Wisconsin 
—38. 

KAPPA  ALPHA  (Northern)-1825-Cornell,  Hobart,  Lehigh,  McGill, 
Toronto,  Williams,  Union — 7. 

KAPPA  ALPHA  (Southern)-1865-Alabama,  Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  Arkansas, 
Bethany,  California,  Central,  Charleston,  Davidson,  Delaware,  Drury, 
Emory,  Florida,  Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Georgetown  (Ky.),  George  Wash- 
ington, Hampden-Sydney,  Johns  Hopkins,  Kentucky  State,  Louisiana, 
Mercer,  Millsaps,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Mo.  Sch.  Mines,  North  Carolina, 
N.  C.  A.  &  M.  C,  Oklahoma,  Randolph-Macon,  Richmond,  Southern, 
Southwestern,  Stanford,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Transylvania,  Trinity  (N.  C), 
Tulane,  University  of  the  South,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Washington,  Wash- 
ington and  Lee,  Westminster,  West  Virginia,  William  and  Mary,  William 
Jewell — 47. 

KAPPA  SIGMA-1869-Alabama,  Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  Arkansas,  Baker, 
Bowdoin,  Brown,  Bucknell,  California,  Case,  Chicago,  Colorado  College, 
Col.  Sch.  Mines,  Cornell,  Cumberland,  Dartmouth,  Davidson,  Denver, 
Dickinson,  Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  George  Washington,  Hampden-Sydeny, 
Harvard,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa  State  College,  Kentucky 
State,  Lake  Forest,  Lehigh,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Maryland,  Mass.  Ag.  Col., 
Mercer,  Michigan,  Millsaps,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mo.  Sch.  Mines,  Nebraska, 


Men's  Fraternities.  161 

New  York,  New  Hampshire,  North  Carolina,  N.  C.  A.  &M.  C,  Ohio  State, 
Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Randolph- 
Macon,  Richmond,  Southwestern,  Southwestern  Presbyterian,  Stanford, 
Swarthmore,  Syracuse,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Trinity  (N.  C),  Tulane,  Vander- 
bilt,  Vermont,  Virginia,  University  of  the  South,  Wabash,  Washburn, 
Washington,  Washington  State,  Washington  State  College,  Washington 
and  Jefferson,  Washington  and  Lee,  William  and  Mary,  William  Jewell, 
Wisconsin — 77. 

PHI  DELTA  THETA-1848-Alabama,  Ala.,  Pol.  Inst.,  Allegheny, 
Amherst,  California,  Case,  Central,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Colby,  Colorado, 
Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Dickinson,  Emory,  Franklin, 
Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Hanover,  Idaho,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa 
Wesleyan,  Kansas,  Kentucky  State,  Knox,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Lombard, 
McGill,  Mercer,  Miami,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Ne- 
braska, North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Ohio,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan, 
Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  College,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Ran- 
dolph-Macon, South  Dakota,  Southwestern,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Texas, 
Toronto,  Tulane,  Union,  University  of  the  South,  Vanderbilt,  Vermont, 
Virginia,  Wabash,  Washington,  Washington  State,  Washington  and 
Jefferson,  Washington  and  Lee,  Westminster,  Williams,  Wisconsin — 72. 

PHI  GAMMA  DELTA-1848-Alabama,  Allegheny,  Amherst,  Bethel, 
Brown,  Bucknell,  California,  Chicago,  Colgate,  Colorado  College,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison,  DePauw,  Hanover,  Illinois,  Illinois  Wesleyan, 
Indiana,  Iowa  State  College,  Johns  Hopkins,  Kansas,  Knox,  Lafayette, 
Lehigh,  Maine,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Nebraska, 
New  York,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania 
College,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Richmond,  Stanford,  Syracuse, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Trinity,  Union,  Virginia,  Wabash,  Washington  State, 
Washington  and  Jefferson,  Washington  and  Lee,  Western  Reserve,  William 
Jewell,  Wisconsin,  Wittenberg,  Wooster,  Worcester,  Yale — 57. 

PHI  KAPPA  PSI-1852-Allegheny,  Amherst,  Brown,  Brooklyn  Pol. 
Inst.,  Bucknell,  California,  Case,  Chicago,  Colgate,  Columbia,  Cornell, 
Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Dickinson,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  Illinois,  Indiana, 


162  Men's  Fraternities. 

Iowa,  Johns  Hopkins,  Kansas,  Lafayette,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  Nebraska,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Pennsylvania  College,  Purdue,  Stanford,  &warttimore,  Syracuse, 
Texas,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wittenberg — 44. 

PHI  KAPPA  SIGMA-1850-Alabama,  Armour,  California,  Chicago, 
Columbia,  Dickinson,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Illinois, 
Maine,  Maryland,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Michigan,  Northwestern,  Pennsylvania, 
Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Randolph-Macon,  Richmond,  Tulane,  Vander- 
bilt, Virginia,  Washington  and  Jefferson,  Washington  and  Lee,  West 
Virginia,  Wisconsin — 26. 

PHI  SIGMA  KAPPA-1873-Brown,  California,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Franklin  and  Marshall,  George  Washington,  Lehigh, 
Maryland,  Mass.  Agr.  Col.,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania 
College,  Queens,  Stevens,  St.  John's,  St.  Lawrence,  Swarthmore,  Union 
Virginia,  West  Virginia,  Williams,  Yale — 24. 

PI  KAPPA  ALPHA-1868-Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  Arkansas,  Davidson, 
Florida,  Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Georgetown  (Ky.),  Hampden-Sydney, 
Kentucky,  Kentucky  State,  Louisiana,  Millsaps,  Mo.  Sch.  Mines,  North 
Carolina,  N.  C.  A.  &  M.  C,  N.  Ga.  A.  C,  Presbyterian,  Richmond,  Roanoke, 
Southern,  Southwestern  Presbyterian,  Tennessee,  Trinity  (N.  C),  Tulane, 
University  of  the  South,  Virginia,  Washington  and  Lee,  William  and  Mary 
—28. 

PSI  UPSILON-1833-Amherst,  Bowdoin,  Brown,  California,  Chicago, 
Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Hamilton,  Kenyon,  Lehigh,  Michigan, 
Minnesota,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Rochester,  Syracuse,  Trinity,  Union, 
Wesleyan,  Wisconsin,  Yale — 22. 

SIGMA  ALPHA  EPSILON-1856-Adrian,  Alabama,  Ala.  Pol.  Inst., 
Allegheny,  Arkansas,  Bethel,  Boston,  Bucknell,  California,  Case,  Central, 
Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Colorado,  Col.  Sch.  Mines,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Cumber- 
land, Dartmouth,  Davidson,  Denver,  Dickinson,  Emory,  Franklin,  George 
Washington,  Georgia,  Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Harvard,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Iowa  State  College,  Kansas,   Kentucky  State,   Louisiana,  Maine,  Mass. 


Men's  Fraternities.  163 

Inst.  Tech.,  Mercer,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Mt.  Union, 
Nebraska,  North  Carolina,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan, 
Oklahoma,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  College,  Pennsylvania  State, 
Purdue,  Southern,  Southwestern  Baptist,  Southwestern  Presbyterian, 
Stanford,  St.  Stephen's,  Syracuse,  Tennessee,  Texas,  Tulane,  University  of 
the  South,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia,  Washington,  Washington  State,  Washing- 
ton and  Lee,  Wisconsin,  Worcester — 70. 

SIGMA  CHI-1855-Albion,  Arkansas,  Beloit,  Bucknell,  Butler,  Cali- 
fornia, Case,  Central,  Chicago,  Cincinnati,  Colorado  College,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Dartmouth,  Denison,  DePauw,  Dickinson,  George  Washington, 
Hanover,  Hobart,  Illinois,  Illinois  Wesleyan,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas, 
Kentucky  State,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Maine,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Miami, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Montana,  Nebraska,  North 
Dakota,  Northwestern,  Ohio  State,  Ohio  Wesleyan,  Pennsylvania,  Penn- 
sylvania College,  Pennsylvania  State,  Pittsburg,  Purdue,  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, Stanford,  Syracuse,  Texas,  Tulane,  L'tah,  Vanderbilt,  Virginia, 
Wabash,  Washington,  Washington  State,  Washington  and  Lee,  West 
Virginia,  Wisconsin,  Wooster — 61. 

SIGMA  NU-1869-Alabama,  Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  Albion,  Arkansas, 
Bethany,  California,  Case,  Chicago,  Colorado,  Col.  Sch.  Mines,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Cornell  College  (Iowa),  Dartmouth,  DePauw,  Emory,  Georgia, 
Ga.  Sch.  Tech.,  Howard,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Iowa  State  College, 
Kansas,  Kentucky  State,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Lombard,  Louisiana,  Mercer, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  Mo.  Sch.  Mines,  Montana,  Mt.  Union,  North 
Carolina,  N.  C.  A.  &  M.  C,  N.  Ga.  A.  C,  Northwestern,  Nebraska,  Ohio 
State,  Oklahoma,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue, 
Rose  Pol.  Inst.,  Stanford,  Stevens,  Syracuse,  Texas,  Tulane,  Vanderbilt, 
Vermont,  Virginia,  Washington,  Washington  State,  Washington  and  Lee, 
Western  Reserve,  West  Virginia,  William  Jewell,  Wisconsin — 63. 

SIGMA  PHI-1827-Cornell,  Hamilton,  Hobart,  Lehigh,  Michigan, 
LTnion,  Vermont,  Williams,  Wisconsin — 9. 

SIGMA  PHI  EESLLON-1901-Ala.  Pol.  Inst.,  Arkansas,  Colorado, 
Dartmouth,  Delaware,  6aT  Sch.  Tech.,  Illinois  (Med.  Col.),  Jefferson  Med. 


164  Men's  Fraternities. 

Col.,  Lehigh,  N.  C.  A.  &  M.  C,  Norwich,  Ohio  Northern,  Ohio  State,  Penn- 
sylvania, Pittsburg,  Purdue,  Randolph-Macon,  Richmond,  Syracuse, 
Trinity  (N.  C),  Virginia,  Va.  Mil.  Inst.,  Washington  and  Lee,  West  Vir- 
ginia, William  and  Mary — 25. 

SIGMA  PI-1752-California,  Chicago,  Illinois,  Ohio  State,  Vincennes 
—5. 

THETA  CHI-1856-Maine,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Norwich,  Rensselaer, 
Worcester — 5. 

THETA  DELTA  CHI-1848-Amherst,  Boston,  Bowdoin,  Brown, 
California,  C.  C.  N.  Y.,  Columbia,  Cornell,  Dartmouth,  George  Washington, 
Hamilton,  Harvard,  Hobart,  Illinois,  Lafayette,  Lehigh,  Mass.  Inst.  Tech., 
McGill,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Rochester,  Stanford,  Tufts,  William  and 
Mary,  Williams,  Wisconsin — 26. 

THETA  XI-1864-Columbia,  Cornell,  Iowa  State  College,  Lehigh, 
Mass.  Inst.  Tech.,  Pennsylvania  State,  Purdue,  Rensselaer,  Sheffield, 
Stevens,  Washington — 11. 

ZETA  PSI-1847-Bowdoin,  Brown,  California,  Case,  Colby,  Columbia, 
Cornell,  Lafayette,  McGill,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, Pennsylvania,  Rutgers,  Stanford,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Tufts,  Virginia, 
Williams,  Yale— 22. 


4'  OF  THE     "* 

UNIVERSITY 

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PAGE 

The  Higher  Education  of  Women 1 

The  Evolution  of  the  Sorority  System 9 

Distribution  of  Chapters 15 

Extension 17 

Standards 24 

Government 30 

Publications 30 

Alumnae  Associations 33 

Chapter  Houses 36 

Pan-Hellenism 37 

The  Congress  of  Fraternities  . .  .  T". 38 

The  Inter-Sorority  Conferences 39 

The  Mission  of  the  Sorority 44 

Literary  Sororities.     Class  A 60 

Alpha  Chi  Omega 60 

Alpha  Delta  Phi 61 

Alpha  Gamma  Delta 62 

Alpha  Kappa  Psi 63 

Alpha  Omicron  Pi 63 

Alpha  Phi 64 

Alpha  Sigma  Alpha 65 

Alpha  Xi  Delta -  66 

Beta  Sigma  Omicron 67 

Chi  Omega 68 

Delta  Delta  Delta 70 

Delta  Gamma 71 

Delta  Zeta 72 

Gamma  Phi  Beta 73 

Kappa  Alpha  Theta 74 

Kappa  Delta 75 


PAGE 

Kappa  Kappa  Gamma 77 

Phi  Mil 78 

Phi  Mu  Gamma 79 

Pi  Beta  Phi 80 

Sigma  Kappa 81 

Sigma  Sigma  Sigma 82 

Zeta  Tail  Alpha. 83 

Literary  Sororities.     Class  B 84 

Eta  Upsilon  Gamma 84 

Sigma  Iota  Chi "  85 

Theta  Chi 86 

Musical  Sororities 87 

Mu  Phi  Epsilon 88 

Sigma  Alpha  Iota 89 

Medical  Sororities 90 

Alpha  Epsilon  Iota 90 

Epsilon  Tau 91 

Zeta  Phi 91 

Necrology  of  Chapters 93 

Honorary  Societies  Admitting  Women 95 

Phi  Beta  Kappa 95,  102 

Sigma  Xi     100,  104 

Phi  Kappa  Phi 101,  104 

Alpha  Omega  Alpha    102,  105 

The  Association  of  Collegiate  Alumnae 107 

Southern  Association  of  College  Women 108 

Statistical  Data ; 109 

Coeducational  Colleges 109 

Independent  Colleges  for  Women 138 

Affiliated  Colleges 149 

(Barnard,  Brown,  Florida,  Newcomb,  Radcliffe,  Western  Reserve) 

Coordinate  Colleges 154 

(Bucknell,  Chicago,  Colby,  Middlebury) 

Men's  Literary  Fraternities 158 


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